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Grapefruit

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This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Grapefruit (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Grape.

Grapefruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. × paradisi
Binomial name
Citrus × paradisi
Macfad.

The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large, sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit.[1] The flesh of the fruit is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark red.

Grapefruit is a citrus hybrid that originated in Barbados in the 18th century. It is an accidental cross between the sweet orange (C. × sinensis) and the pomelo (C. maxima), both of which were introduced from Asia in the 17th century.[2] It has also been called the 'forbidden fruit'.[1] In the past it was called the pomelo,[3] but that term is now mostly used as the common name for Citrus maxima.[4]

Grapefruit–drug interactions are common, as the juice contains furanocoumarins that interfere with the metabolism of many drugs. This can prolong and intensify the effects of those drugs, leading to multiple side-effects such as abnormal heart rhythms, bleeding inside the stomach, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and dizziness.

Description

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Grapefruit growing in the grape-like clusters from which their name may derive

The evergreen grapefruit trees usually grow to around 4.5–6 m (15–20 ft) tall, although they may reach 13.7 m (45 ft).[1] The leaves are up to 15 cm (6 in) long, thin, glossy, and dark green. They produce 5 cm (2 in) white flowers with four or five petals. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and generally an oblate spheroid in shape; it ranges in diameter from 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in). Its flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pink, and red pulps of varying sweetness (generally, the redder varieties are the sweetest).[1]

Varieties

[edit]
"Star Ruby" redirects here. For star stone, see Asterism (gemology).
"Red" grapefruit

The 1929 'Ruby Red' (or 'Redblush') patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety.[1] The Texas Legislature designated this variety the official "State Fruit of Texas" in 1993.[5]

Using radiation to trigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones that typically faded to pink.[6] The 'Rio Red' variety is a 1984 registered Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The 'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide adaptation.[7]

The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties.[1] Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit ('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),[8] it has found limited commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[9][10]

As food

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Nutrition

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Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy138 kJ (33 kcal)
8.41 g
Sugars7.31 g
Dietary fiber1.1 g
0.10 g
0.8 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.037 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.020 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.269 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
6%
0.283 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.043 mg
Folate (B9)
3%
10 μg
Choline
1%
7.7 mg
Vitamin C
37%
33.3 mg
Vitamin E
1%
0.13 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
12 mg
Iron
0%
0.06 mg
Magnesium
2%
9 mg
Manganese
1%
0.013 mg
Phosphorus
1%
8 mg
Potassium
5%
148 mg
Zinc
1%
0.07 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water90.48 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[11] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[12]

Raw white grapefruit is 90% water, 8% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3+1⁄2 ounces), raw grapefruit provides 138 kilojoules (33 kilocalories) of food energy and is a rich source of vitamin C (37% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant amounts (table).

Culinary

[edit]

Like other citrus fruits, grapefruits are sour because of their citric acid content; grapefruit juice contains about half the citric acid content of lemon juice, and nearly 50% more than orange juice.[13] In Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked with to balance their sourness, rendering them as sweets; or they are stuffed with dulce de leche as a dessert.[14] In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).[15][16]

Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart, resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid), and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.[17] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.[18]

  • Caramelized grapefruit
    Caramelized grapefruit
  • Roasted grapefruit chicken
    Roasted grapefruit chicken
  • Salmon tartar with spinach and red grapefruit
    Salmon tartar with spinach and red grapefruit
  • Greyhound cocktail, with gin and juice
    Greyhound cocktail, with gin and juice

Drug interactions

[edit]
Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit juice contains bergamottin, one of the furanocoumarins which inhibit the metabolism of many drugs, causing multiple side-effects[19]

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice interact with numerous drugs, resulting in numerous adverse effects including bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity, abnormal heart rhythm, rhabdomyolysis, hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding, dizziness, and respiratory depression.[19]

One interaction occurs from grapefruit furanocoumarins, such as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both flesh and peel. Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme (among others from the P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs).[20] The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications.[21] If a drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of that drug in the blood may become and remain high, leading to adverse effects.[19] On the other hand, some drugs must be metabolized to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced drug effects.[19]

Another effect is that grapefruit compounds may inhibit the absorption of drugs in the intestine. If a drug is not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect. Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.[22]

One whole grapefruit or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity.[19] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are marked as such on the container or package insert.[19]

Production

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Production – 2022
Country Millions of tonnes
 China 5.2
 Vietnam 1.1
 Mexico 0.5
 South Africa 0.4
 United States 0.3
World 9.8
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[23]

In 2022, world production of grapefruits (combined with pomelos) was 9.8 million tonnes, led by China with 53% of the world total with Vietnam as a secondary producer (table).

Pests and diseases

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Grapefruits are hosts for fruit flies (family Tephritidae) such as A. suspensa, which lay their eggs in overripe or spoiled grapefruits, sometimes causing serious damage in plantations in the Americas.[24] In sub-Saharan Africa, the Citrus swallowtail, Papilio demodocus, is a minor pest of Citrus plantations.[25] Grapefruits are subject to several diseases of Citrus trees, including citrus tristeza virus, citrus canker (caused by a bacterium, Xanthomonas), and the vector-transmitted citrus greening disease, where the vector is a psyllid bug, and the pathogen is a bacterium, Liberibacter.[26]

History

[edit]
Further information: Citrus taxonomy
The grapefruit, like many cultivated Citrus species, is a hybrid, in its case of the sweet orange and pomelo.[27]

Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.[28] One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima).[1] The pomelo was the female ancestor; the sweet orange, itself a hybrid, was the male.[27] Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692. One story of the fruit's origin is that a 17th-century trader named 'Captain Shaddock'[1][29] brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[30] The grapefruit then probably originated as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced there.[1][2]

Kimball Chase Atwood founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late 19th century. It became the largest grapefruit grove in the world.[31]

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, the Rev. Griffith Hughes, in his The Natural History of Barbados.[1] However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.[32]

In 1814, the British naturalist and plantation owner John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus plant.[30] Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).[33] An alternative explanation is that this name may allude to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.[34][35]

In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by the Scottish physician and botanist James Macfadyen. Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with the Barbados grapefruit being piriform (pear shaped) while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis".[36] Macfadyen's and Hughes's descriptions differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant. It has been suggested that Hughes's golden orange may actually have been a grapefruit, while his forbidden fruit was a different variety that may since have been lost.[29] A citrus called forbidden fruit or shaddette has been discovered in Saint Lucia; it may be the plant described by Hughes and Macfadyen.[32]

The name grape-fruit was used during the 19th century to refer to pomelos.[34] It was brought to Florida by the French businessman Count Odet Philippe in 1823, in what is now known as Safety Harbor.[1] Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the oroblanco (1984). Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s, at which point its official name was altered to Citrus × paradisi, the × identifying it as a hybrid.[37] An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball C. Atwood, a wealthy entrepreneur who founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late 19th century. The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in the world, with a yearly output of 80,000 boxes of fruit.[31] There, pink grapefruit was discovered in 1906.[1]

See also

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  • Grapefruit knife – Knife designed for cutting grapefruit
  • Grapefruit spoon – Kind of spoon intended for use with citrus fruit
  • Naringenin – chemical compound

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Morton, Julia Frances (1987). Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, In: Fruits of Warm Climates. NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. pp. 152–158. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2. OCLC 16947184. Archived from the original on 2000-10-06. Retrieved 2003-03-28.
  2. ^ a b Carrington, Sean; Fraser, Henry C. (2003). "Grapefruit". A~Z of Barbados Heritage. Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-333-92068-8. One of many citrus species grown in Barbados. This fruit is believed to have originated in Barbados as a natural cross between sweet orange (C. sinesis) and pomelo (C. grandis), both of which originated in Asia and were introduced by Europeans in the 17th century. The grapefruit first appeared as an illustration entitled 'The Forbidden Fruit Tree' in The Natural History of Barbados (1750) by Rev. Griffith Hughes. This accords with the scientific name, which literally is 'citrus of paradise'. The fruit seems to have been fairly commonly available around that time, since George Washington in his Barbados Journal (1750-1751) mentions 'the Forbidden Fruit' as one of the local fruit available at a dinner party he attended. The plant was later described in the 1837 Flora of Jamaica as the Barbados Grapefruit. The historical arguments and experimental work on leaf enzymes and oils from possible parents all support a Barbadian origin for the fruit.
  3. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1973) defines "pomelo" simply as "The grapefruit".
  4. ^ Li, Xiaomeng; Xie, R.; Lu, Z.; Zhou, Z. (July 2010). "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 135 (4): 341. doi:10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341.
  5. ^ Hatch, Rosie, ed. (2022). Texas Almanac 2022-2023. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-62511066-4.
  6. ^ Broad, William J. (28 August 2007). "Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  7. ^ "MVD". mvgs.iaea.org. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  8. ^ Ahloowalia, B.S.; Maluszynski, M.; Nichterlein, K. (2004). "Global impact of mutation-derived varieties". Euphytica. 135 (2): 187–204. doi:10.1023/B:EUPH.0000014914.85465.4f. S2CID 34494057.
  9. ^ Sauls, Julian W. (1998). "Home fruit Production-Grapefruit". Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  10. ^ "Star Ruby grapefruit". Citrus Variety Collection. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  11. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  12. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  13. ^ Penniston, Kristina L.; Nakada, Stephen Y.; Holmes, Ross P.; Assimos, Dean G. (2008). "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products". Journal of Endourology. 22 (3): 567–570. doi:10.1089/end.2007.0304. PMC 2637791. PMID 18290732.
  14. ^ Ben Box, ed. (1993). "Costa Rica - The Meseta Central". 1994 Mexico & Central America Handbook. Sarah Cameron, Sebastian Ballard (4 ed.). Trade and Travel Publications. p. 682. ISBN 978-0900751462.
  15. ^ Monrose, Gregory Salomon (ed.). "Standardisation d'une formulation de confiture de chadèque et évaluation des paramètres physico-chimiques, microbiologiques et sensoriels" [Standardization of a chadek jam formulation and evaluation of physicochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters] (in French). Université d'Etat d'Haiti (UEH / FAMV) - Ingenieur Agronome 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017 – via Memoire Online.
  16. ^ Bidault, Blandine; Gattegno, Isabelle, eds. (1984). Le point sur la transformation des fruits tropicaux [Update on the processing of tropical fruits] (in French). Paris: Groupe de recherche et d'echanges technologiques (GRET). p. 46.
  17. ^ Zheng, Huiwen; Zhang, Qiuyun; Quan, Junping; Zheng, Qiao; Xi, Wanpeng (2016). "Determination of sugars, organic acids, aroma components, and carotenoids in grapefruit pulps". Food Chemistry. 205: 112–121. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.007. PMID 27006221. S2CID 41172984.
  18. ^ Buettner, A.; Schieberle, P. (1999). "Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (12): 5189–5193. Bibcode:1999JAFC...47.5189B. doi:10.1021/jf990071l. PMID 10606593.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Bailey, D. G.; Dresser, G.; Arnold, J. M. O. (2012). "Grapefruit-medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences?". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 185 (4): 309–316. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120951. PMC 3589309. PMID 23184849.
  20. ^ Kakar, S.M.; Paine, M.F.; Stewart, P.W.; Watkins, P.B. (2004). "6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin contributes to the grapefruit juice effect". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 75 (6): 569–579. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2004.02.007. hdl:2027.42/109773. PMID 15179411.
  21. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "CYP3A4 cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 [Homo sapiens (human)]". Reference Sequence collection. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  22. ^ "How the "Don't take this medication with grapefruit juice" warning originated | Science-Based Medicine". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 2022-09-29. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  23. ^ "Grapefruit production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  24. ^ van Whervin, L. Walter (March 1974). "Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica". Pest Articles & News Summaries. 20 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1080/096708774094123313 (inactive 29 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  25. ^ Areces-Berazain, Fabiola (2022). "Papilio demodocus (citrus swallowtail)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium. CABI: 38757. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.38757. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  26. ^ Louzada, Eliezer S.; Ramadugu, Chandrika (2021). "Grapefruit: history, use, and breeding" (PDF). Horttechnology. 31 (3): 243–258. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH04679-20.
  27. ^ a b Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. hdl:20.500.11939/5741. PMID 29414943. and Supplement
  28. ^ Xiaomeng Li; Rangjin Xie; Zhenhua Lu; Zhiqin Zhou. "Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other citrus species". Science Daily. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  29. ^ a b Kumamoto, J.; Scora, R. W.; Lawton, H. W.; Clerx, W. A. (1987-01-01). "Mystery of the forbidden fruit: Historical epilogue on the origin of the grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae)". Economic Botany. 41 (1): 97–107. Bibcode:1987EcBot..41...97K. doi:10.1007/BF02859356. S2CID 42178548.
  30. ^ a b Grapefruit: a fruit with a bit of a complex in Art Culinaire (Winter, 2007)
  31. ^ a b "Manatee County a big part of citrus history". Herald-Tribune. 2004-08-16. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  32. ^ a b Bowman, Kim D.; Gmitter, Frederick Jr. (April 1990). "Forbidden Fruit (Citrus sp., Rutaceae) Rediscovered in Saint Lucia". Economic Botany. 44 (2): 165–173. Bibcode:1990EcBot..44..165B. doi:10.1007/BF02860484. JSTOR 4255226. S2CID 33098910. Archived from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  33. ^ Lunan, John (1814). Hortus Jamaicensis. Jamaica: St. Iago de la Vega Gazette. pp. 171–173. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  34. ^ a b California (1895). "Report of the Secretary–the pomelo". Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the twenty-first Session of the Legislature of the State of California. Vol. V. Sacramento, California: Legislature of the State of California. p. 65. Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2020-10-07. The pomelo is now marketed under the name 'grape-fruit', which is a misnomer. This is confusing and misleading. The name 'grape-fruit' was given to this fruit in Florida, as it hangs on trees in clusters resembling the grape, but has no relation to it whatever. Growers and shippers should drop the name 'grape-fruit' and apply to it the name pomelo, which is popular, and botanically correct.
  35. ^ "How did the grapefruit get its name?". Library of Congress. Everyday Mysteries. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  36. ^ Macfadyen, James (1830). "Some remarks on the species of genus Citrus which are cultivated in Jamaica". Botanical Miscellanea (1): 295–304.
  37. ^ University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. "Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28.
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