Kaurava

Kaurava army (left) faces the Pandavas. A 17th–18th century painting from Mewar, Rajasthan.

Kaurava is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic Mahabharata. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his wife Gandhari. Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna and Chitrasena are the most popular among the brothers. They also had a sister named Dussala and a half-brother named Yuyutsu.

Etymology

The term Kauravas is used in the Mahabharata with two meanings ,

• The wider meaning is used to represent all the descendants of Kuru. This meaning, which includes the Pandava brothers, is often used in the earlier parts of popular renditions of the Mahabharata.
• The narrower but more common meaning is used to represent the elder line of the descendants of Kuru. This restricts it to the children of King Dhritarashtra, excluding the children of his younger brother, Pandu, whose children form the Pandava line.

The rest of this article deals with the Kaurava in the narrower sense, that is, the children of Dhritarashtra Gandhari. When referring to these children, a more specific term is also used – Dhārtarāṣṭra (Sanskrit: धार्तराष्ट्र), a derivative of Dhritarashtra.

Birth of Kauravas

Duryodhana with his brothers 1598 from Razmnama

After Gandhari was married to Dhritarashtra, she wrapped a cloth over her eyes and vowed to share the darkness that her husband lived in. Once Sage Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa came to visit Gandhari in Hastinapur and she took great care of the comforts of the great saint and saw that he had a pleasant stay in Hastinapur. The saint was pleased with Gandhari and granted her a boon. Gandhari wished for one hundred sons who would be as powerful as her husband. Dwaipayan Vyasa granted her the boon and in due course of time, Gandhari found herself to be pregnant. But two years passed and still, the baby was not born. Meanwhile, Kunti received a son from Yama whom she called Yudhishthira. After two years of pregnancy, Gandhari gave birth to a hard piece of lifeless flesh that was not a baby at all. Gandhari was devastated as she had expected a hundred sons according to the blessing of Rishi Vyasa. She was about to throw away the piece of flesh while Rishi Vyasa appeared and told her that his blessings could not have been in vain and asked Gandhari to arrange for one hundred jars to be filled with ghee. He told Gandhari that he would cut the piece of flesh into a hundred pieces and place them in the jars, which would then develop into the one hundred sons that she so desired. Gandhari told Vyasa then that she also wanted to have a daughter. Vyasa agreed, cut the piece of flesh into one hundred and one-pieces, and placed them each into a jar. After two more years of patient waiting the jars were ready to be opened and were kept in a cave. Bhima was born on the same day on which Duryodhana was born thus making them of the same age. Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva were born after Duryodhana was born.

Children of Dhritarashtra

The children of Dhritarashtra by Gandhari are also referred by a more specific and frequently encountered term - Dhārtarāṣṭra, a derivative of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Dhritarashtra).

According to the epic, Gandhari wanted a hundred sons and Vyasa granted her a boon that she would have these. Another version says that she was unable to have any children for a long time and she eventually became pregnant but did not deliver for two years, after which she gave birth to a lump of flesh. Vyasa cut this lump into a hundred and one-pieces and these eventually developed into a hundred boys and one girl.

The birth of these children is relevant to the dispute over the succession of the kingdom's throne. It attributes the late birth of Duryodhana, the eldest son of Dhritarashtra, despite his father's early marriage and legitimizes the case for his cousin Yudhishthira to claim the throne, since he could claim to be the eldest of his generation. All the sons of Dhritarashtra (excluding Yuyutsu) were killed in the Battle of Kurukshetra.

Names of the Kauravas

The Mahabharata notes the names of all Kauravas, of which only Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna and Chitrasena play a significant role:

1. Duryodhana
2. Dushasana
3. Vikarna *
4. Vivisanti * ^
5. Chitrasena ^
6. Duhsaha
7. Duhsala
8. Jalasandha
9. Sama
10. Saha
11. Vindha *
12. Anuvindha *
13. Durdharsha
14. Subahu/Suvahu
15. Dushpradarshan
16. Durmarshana *
17. Durmukha *
18. Dushkarna *
19. Karna *
20. Bhima ^
21. Salan
22. Sathwa
23. Sulochana
24. Chithra *
25. Upachithra *
26. Chitraksha
27. Charuchithra
28. Sarasana
29. Durmada *
30. Durviga *
31. Vivitsu
32. Vikatanana
33. Urnanabha *
34. Sunabha *
35. Nandaka *
36. Upanandaka *
37. Chitravana
38. Chitravarman
39. Suvarman
40. Durvimochana
41. Ayobahu/Ayovahu
42. Mahabahu/Mahavahu
43. Chithranga
44. Chitrakundala
45. Bhimavega
46. Bhimavala/Bhimba
47. Balaki
48. Balavardhana
49. Ugrayudha
50. Sushena ^
51. Kundhadhara ^
52. Mahodara ^
53. Kanakaya ^
54. Nishangi ^
55. Pashi ^
56. Vridaraka ^
57. Chithrayudha/Dridhayudha
58. Dridhavarma
59. Dridhakshatra
60. Somakirti
61. Anudara
62. Dridhasandha
63. Jarasandha
64. Sathyasandha
65. Sadas
66. Suvak
67. Ugrasravas
68. Ugrasena
69. Senani
70. Dushparajaya
71. Aparajita
72. Kundusayin
73. Vishalaksha
74. Duradhara
75. Dridhahastha
76. Suhastha
77. Vatavega *
78. Suvarchas *
79. Aadityaketu
80. Bahvasi/Vahvashin
81. Nagadatta
82. Agrayayin
83. Kavachin
84. Krathana
85. Kunda/Kundi
86. Kundadhara
87. Dhanurdhara
88. Ugra * ^
89. Bhimaratha *
90. Virabahi/Viravahu
91. Alolupa
92. Abhaya **
93. Raudrakarman **
94. Dhridharatha(sraya) **
95. Anaghrushya/Anadhrishya
96. Kundabhedin
97. Viravi
98. Veeryavan
99. Dirghlochana Pramatha **
100. Paramathi **
101. Dhirgharoma **
102. Dirghabhu/Dhirghavahu
103. Vyudhoru ^
104. Kanakadhvaja ^
105. Kundashi
106. Virjasa

the count of * next to name indicate the count of other brothers in the same birth. ^ indicate names in one source not in other

The Kauravas also had a half-brother, Yuyutsu, and a sister, Duhsala.

Marriages and children of Kauravas

All the 100 Kauravas were mentioned to have wives in the Adi Parva. Some of them had children - Duryodhana was mentioned to have a Kalinga princess as his wife. They had three children: a son Lakshmana Kumara and two daughters named Lakshmana and one unnamed daughter. Lakshmana Kumara participated in the Kurukshetra War and injured Shikhandi's son Kshatradeva on the 12th day of the war. He is killed by Abhimanyu on the 13th day of the war.

Lakshmana was said to have married Krishna's son Samba. Dushasana was also said to have two sons, who killed Abhimanyu in the war. Dushasana's first son was killed by Shrutasena in the war. Dushasana's second son was killed by him also. Dushasana also had an unnamed daughter.

Chitrasena's son was said to have been killed by Shrutakarma in the Kurukshetra War. Chitrasena also had an unnamed daughter.

However, it was mentioned that all these sons of the Kauravas were killed by the sons of the Pandavas, many of whom met their end to Bhima.

In literature

Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) narrates the Jain version of their story.

In popular culture

The term Kaurava is used as the name of a fictional planetary system in the 2008 real-time strategy video game Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War – Soulstorm, as well as the names of the system's planets.

See also

• Kuru Kingdom

Sources

• Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6

External links

• Persons and Stories from Mahabharata