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Xavier University

Coordinates: 39°08′55″N 84°28′41″W / 39.14868°N 84.47799°W / 39.14868; -84.47799
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For other uses, see Xavier University (disambiguation).

Xavier University
Latin: Universitas Xaveriana[1]
Former names
Athenaeum
(1831-1840)
St. Xavier College
(1840–1930)
MottoVidit Mirabilia Magna (Latin)
Motto in English
He has seen great wonders
TypePrivate university
Established1831; 193 years ago (1831)[2]
Religious affiliation
Roman Catholic (Jesuit)
Academic affiliations
AJCU ACCU
GCCCU CIC[3]
Endowment$259 million (2021)[4]
PresidentColleen Hanycz
ProvostRachel Chrastil
Academic staff
  • 392 Full-time
  • 399 Part-time
[5]
Students5,648 (spring 2024)[6]
Undergraduates4,455 (spring 2024)[6]
Postgraduates1,193 (spring 2024)[6]
Location
Cincinnati
,
Ohio
,
United States
Campus205 acres (83.0 ha)
Colors Navy Blue  -  White  -  Silver [7]
NicknameMusketeers
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I – Big East Conference[2]
MascotD'Artagnan the Musketeer
The Blue Blob[8]
Websitexavier.edu

Xavier University (/ˈzeɪvjər/ ZAY-vyure[9][10][11]) is a private Jesuit university in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It is the sixth-oldest Catholic and fourth-oldest Jesuit university in the United States.[12] Xavier had an enrollment of approximately 5,600 undergraduate and graduate students as of 2024.[6] The school's system comprises the main campus in Cincinnati, as well as regional locations for its accelerated nursing program in Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio.

Xavier University is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution. It provides an education in the Jesuit tradition, which emphasizes learning through community service, interdisciplinary courses and the engagement of faith, theology, philosophy and ethics studies. Xavier's athletic teams, known as the Xavier Musketeers, compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level in the Big East Conference.

History

[edit]
St. Xavier Church, bishop's residence, and St. Xavier College in 1848

Xavier University is the fourth oldest Jesuit University and the sixth oldest Catholic university in the United States.[12] The school was founded in 1831[13] as a men's college in downtown Cincinnati next to St. Francis Xavier Church on Sycamore Street. The Athenaeum, as it was then called, was dedicated to the patronage of Saint Francis Xavier by Bishop Edward Fenwick on October 17, 1831.[14] Upon Bishop John Baptist Purcell's request, the Society of Jesus took control of The Athenaeum in 1840, and the name was changed to St. Xavier College in honor of the 16th century Spanish Jesuit missionary, St. Francis Xavier who, like the founder of the Jesuits, Ignatius Loyola, was a Spanish Navarrese.

St. Xavier College moved in 1912 to its current Evanston location, about 5 miles (8.0 km) north of downtown Cincinnati, after the purchase of 26 acres (0.11 km2) from the Avondale Athletic Club.[15] The "original" Anthenaeum is now the seminary of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. St. Xavier College and St. Xavier High School officially split in 1919, though they did not become financially independent until 1934. The school's name was changed a second time to its current name, Xavier University, in 1930.[16]

Xavier fully admitted women starting in 1969, but women began attending the college in 1914 in the evening, weekend, and summer school divisions.[17] Edgecliff College, another Catholic college in Cincinnati, merged with Xavier University in 1980.[18]

Academics

[edit]
Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
Race and ethnicity[19] Total
White 75% 75
 
Black 10% 10
 
Hispanic 6% 6
 
Other[a] 5% 5
 
Asian 3% 3
 
Foreign national 1% 1
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 15% 15
 
Affluent[c] 85% 85
 

Majors and minors

[edit]

Xavier University has more than 90 undergraduate majors and 40 graduate programs within the College of Arts and Sciences, The College of Professional Sciences, The College of Nursing and the Williams College of Business.[20] Majors include nursing, business, biomedical sciences, psychology, biology, exploratory, exercise science, sport management, sport marketing and finance. All students must complete the core curriculum (see below).[21]

Rankings

[edit]
Smith Hall, which houses the Williams College of Business

Core curriculum

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Undergraduate students attending Xavier must complete a significant number of distribution requirements that are more commonly known as the Core Curriculum. There are required courses in: Theology, Philosophy, Mathematics, Fine Arts, History, Physical Science, Literature, Second Language, and the Social Sciences.

Honorary society chapters

[edit]

Xavier has several honorary society chapters, including:

  • Alpha Sigma Nu, the honor society of Jesuit institutions of higher education[24]
  • Beta Alpha Psi, an honor organization for financial information students and professionals[25]
  • Beta Gamma Sigma, the international honor society serving business programs accredited by AACSB International[26]
  • Phi Beta Kappa, an elite honor society present within only 10% of universities[27]
  • Mortar Board, national honor society recognizing college seniors[28]
  • Eta Sigma Phi, an honor society aimed at preserving interest and scholarship in Classical Studies.

Campus

[edit]
The Gallagher Student Center

The campus covers approximately 205 acres (0.83 km2)[29] in the City of Cincinnati (Evanston neighborhood). At the center of campus are the Gallagher Student Center and Bellarmine Chapel. Bellarmine Chapel's roof is in the shape of a hyperbolic paraboloid, also known as a saddle roof, that will not collapse even if the Chapel walls were removed.[30] The chapel is also home to an active parish community independent of the university.[31]

Academic mall

[edit]

Six buildings with castle architecture overlook Victory parkway on one side of the Academic Mall: Lindner Hall (home to the Department of Physics),[32] Logan Hall (home to the Chemistry Department),[33] Albers Hall (home to the Biology Department),[34] Hinkle Hall (home to the Departments of Mathematics, Computer Science, English, History, Philosophy and Theology),[35] Schmidt Hall (houses the University Administration offices) [36] and Edgecliff Hall (home to the Department of Music).[37]

The other side of the Academic mall includes three buildings: Walter Schott Hall (home to the Office of Admission, Office of Financial Aid and the Departments of Modern Languages, Classics, Communication Arts, Political Science and Sociology),[38] McDonald Library (home to the University Library and Archives)[39] and Alter Hall (main classroom building on campus).[40]

Our Lady of Peace Chapel was relocated to the Academic Mall in 2018. Originally constructed in 1938 by Charles F. and Elizabeth R. Williams on their property in Anderson Township, the 22-seat chapel is now located off Dana Avenue on the west end of the Academic Mall.[41]

Academic Quad

[edit]

The Academic Quad, also known as the Hoff Quad, is east of the Academic Mall. It includes three buildings: Conaton Learning Commons (home to academic support services),[42] Smith Hall (home to the Williams College of Business)[43] and Hailstones Hall (traditional classroom building).[44]

Residential Mall

[edit]
Justice Hall, one of the university's main residence halls

The Residential Mall, north of the Academic mall, includes four underclassmen residence halls: Brockman Hall,[45] Buenger Hall,[46] Kuhlman Hall[47] and Husman Hall.[48] The all-purpose area for students and events between Kuhlman, Husman and Gallagher is referred to as "The Xavier Yard."

A residential complex called Justice Hall (formerly known as Fenwick Place[49]) opened in fall 2011 to the south of the Residential Mall. It is home to the campus dining center in addition to providing housing for upper-class students.

West Campus

[edit]

West campus is on the west side of Victory Parkway. Athletic facilities include J. Page Hayden Field, Corcoran Soccer Field, Schmidt Fieldhouse[50] and the Heidt Champion Center (formerly O'Connor Recreational Center).[51]

Academic buildings include: St. Barbara Hall and the Armory (home to Xavier's ROTC program),[52] Joseph Hall (Home to the Education and Sports Studies Departments)[53] and Elet Hall (home to the Department of Psychology).[54]

East Campus

[edit]

The Cintas Center, where the Musketeers host their basketball games, is adjacent to the Residential Mall. In addition to the 10,250-seat arena, Cintas also includes the Schiff Conference Center and the James and Caroline Duff Banquet Center. The A. B. Cohen Center, located across the parking lot from Cintas Center, is home to the Art Department and Xavier Art Gallery.

The Health United Building opened in 2019.[55] Located between University Station and the Commons Apartments, the facility houses a recreational center, an upgraded health and wellness center, and classroom facilities and labs for five academic programs: Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Health Services Administration, Sport Studies and Radiologic Technology.[56]

Athletics

[edit]
Main article: Xavier Musketeers
Musketeers logo

Xavier competes at the NCAA Division I level in the Big East Conference, and their mascot is D'Artagnan the Musketeer. Xavier sponsors eight intercollegiate sports for men, and eight sports for women.[57] The university's graduation rate of 94%[58] is the third highest graduation rate for athletes in the nation behind Duke University and Stanford University. Xavier sports teams have several traditional rivalries with local universities, including the University of Cincinnati and the Villanova University.

Xavier was a founding member of the Midwestern City Conference in 1979. Renamed the Midwestern Collegiate Conference in 1985, it is now known as the Horizon League. Xavier was a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference from 1995 to 2013 where it enjoyed many successful basketball seasons. On March 20, 2013, the Xavier administration announced that the school will join the newly created Big East following the realignment of the old Big East Conference,[59] and moved to the new conference July 1, 2013.

The basketball and volleyball teams play in the 10,250-seat Cintas Center on campus which opened in 2000.[60]

Men's basketball

[edit]
Main article: Xavier Musketeers men's basketball

The Xavier men's basketball team is perhaps the best known of the sports sponsored at Xavier. The team has enjoyed considerable recent success, reaching the Elite Eight in the NCAA Tournament in 2004, 2008, and 2017. Since 1985, every men's basketball player who has played as a senior has graduated with a degree.[61] During the era of college football's now-defunct Bowl Championship Series, Xavier was one of only two schools outside the main BCS conferences (a group now known as the Power Five) to be listed among the top 20 most valuable programs in college basketball (the other being UNLV) according to Forbes.[62]

Football

[edit]
Main article: Xavier Musketeers football

Xavier fielded an NCAA Division I football team until the 1973 season.

Baseball

[edit]
Hayden Field seen from Hinkle Hall

The Xavier baseball team won the 2014 Big East Championship and participated in the Nashville Regional. The 2009 Xavier Baseball team won the Atlantic 10 tournament and participated in the Houston Regional. The Xavier baseball won the 2023 Big East Championship and participated in the Nashville Regional.

Swimming

[edit]

The Xavier men's swim team earned the school's first Big East Conference Championship in 2014.[63] The Xavier men's swim team overall has captured the Big East Title in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020, and 2021 making it their second three peat and sixth championship in their eight years since joining the conference in 2013.[64]

Club sports

[edit]

The club sports program is designed to serve the interests of Xavier University students, faculty, and staff in different sports and recreational activities. These interests may be competitive, recreational, and/or instructional in nature.

In 2017 the Xavier Men's Rugby Club team made it the Final Four in Denver Colorado for the National Small College Rugby Championship. Xavier finished 3rd in the country at the Tournament and was ranked 3rd in the Country that year. The Xavier Rugby Club has been ranked in the Top 20 of the National Collegiate Rugby Conference 7 out of the last 8 years. The Volley Ball team The Xavier Men's Volleyball Club Team took home 2nd place at Nationals in April 2019.In 2022, the Xavier Men's Volleyball Club Team won the national championship.

Mascots

[edit]

Xavier is one of a handful of universities with two mascots.[65] D'Artagnan, the Musketeer, is the university's official mascot and is the origin of the school's nickname, The Xavier Musketeers. The Musketeer concept was suggested in 1925 by the late Reverend Francis J. Finn, S.J.

The Blue Blob came about in 1985 when the spirit squad coordinators realized that a more audience-friendly mascot was needed. The musketeer mascot, who sported a handlebar mustache and a prop sword, scared younger spectators.[8] The Blue Blob is a furry creature that has made several television and magazine appearances over the years, including a controversial PlayBoy appearance.[66] The Blue Blob has Bobble-Body dolls,[67] Plush replicas,[68] and T-shirts made in his likeness, and an annual Blue Blob Appreciation Night during the Musketeer's basketball season. He most recently appeared on two ESPN This is SportsCenter commercials with Pro Football Hall of Fame member Jim Kelly and SportsCenter anchors Scott Van Pelt and John Anderson.[69]

Media

[edit]

Most Xavier games can be heard on WLW or WKRC-AM. Joe Sunderman does the play-by-play and Byron Larkin does color commentary for most games. Fox Sports Net Ohio holds the local television rights to the Musketeers basketball games. Brad Johansen does play-by-play and Steve Wolf is the analyst. Over the air stations, WCPO-TV and WSTR-TV have held the rights to Xavier games in the past.

Faith and service

[edit]

The Dorothy Day Center for Faith and Justice is an important part of Xavier University's mission to form men and women for others.[70]

Student programs

[edit]

At the beginning of freshman year, the center gives students opportunities to form community among themselves, with an effort at inclusiveness across all lines of faith and culture.[71] They are then encouraged to join the other students in choosing from a variety of service opportunities.

Students can pursue community service through the following programs: work in the Nexus community garden, weekly service with organizations in the Cincinnati area through the X-CHANGE program, Community Action Day when the whole XU community and alumni are encouraged to give a day of service to the larger community, a monthly service opportunity at St. Francis Seraph Soup Kitchen,[72] and Alternative Breaks offering opportunities to serve in the United States and abroad during fall and spring breaks.[73] A total of 25 immersion trips are offered.[74] It is estimated that students perform more than 60,000 service hours in a year.[75]

Most programs include reflection components and the following programs facilitated by the center are also staged to provoke reflection: Ignatian Family Teach-In for Justice, Stories of Solidarity, Jesuit Martyrs of El Salvador commemoration, and Contemplatives in Action.[76]

More intensive service experiences include the following:

  • Summer Service Internship allows 20 students to live on campus while being paid for working at an area non-profit.[77]
  • Graduate Internship employs graduates to work along with the CFJ staff.[78]
  • Xavier eRecruiting is the center's listing of non-profit internships nationwide. This is supplemented by Idealist.org which includes also international listings. Sponsors of internships include Scripps Howard Foundation, the Catholic Archdiocese, the Catholic Campaign for Human Development, and Community Shares.[79]
  • GetAway for First Year Students, with opportunities to organize and make spiritual retreats.[80]
  • Graduate School and Year-of-Service Fair introduces students to over 50 options for a year of service after graduation, at home and abroad. Some of the more popular are Peace Corps, Jesuit Volunteer Corps, Public Allies, and Americorps. Long listings of possibilities are on websites hosted by Stanford, Notre Dame, Service Leader, and Volunteer.gov.[81]

Student newspaper

[edit]

The Xavier Newswire is an independent student newspaper published weekly during the academic year by the students of Xavier University. The Newswire was originally called The Xavierian News and was founded by Xavier's law school in 1915. The paper's staff meets to put together the paper on Tuesday nights. The Publications House, which previous housed the editing team, was demolished on March 10, 2010, and the staff ever since meets in the Gallagher Student Center on campus. The Newswire made its color debut on January 23, 2008.

Notable alumni

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Notable faculty

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ "Institutional Memberships". Xavier University. Retrieved July 25, 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ As of June 30, 2021 . Treasury (Report).
  5. ^ "College Navigator - Xavier University".
  6. ^ a b c d "Census Enrollment Statistics" (PDF). Xavier University. January 25, 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  7. ^ Xavier University: Brand and Graphic Identity Guide (PDF). Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Behind the Blue Blob". Xavier Magazine. Xavier University. Spring 2013. Archived from the original on September 19, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  9. ^ Hawley, Brad (March 20, 2016). "Chris Mack to reporter: We're not 'eggs'-avier". Fox19 Now. WXIX-TV. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
  10. ^ Daughterty, Paul (June 3, 1997). "Eggs-avier of Ohio? Try Zay-vier, period". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. D1 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Ohio gets credit in Clooney film 'The Ides of March'". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. January 9, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
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  13. ^ "In the Beginning 1831 to 1910". Xavier University. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  14. ^ "In the Beginning 1831 to 1910". Xavier University. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
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  16. ^ "A New Life For Old St. Xavier 1911 to 1945". Xavier University. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  17. ^ "Timeline of Women at Xavier". Xavier University. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  18. ^ Fortin, Roger (2006). To See Great Wonders: A History of Xavier University 1831-2006. University of Scranton Press. p. 295. ISBN 1-58966-152-4.
  19. ^ "College Scorecard: Xavier University". United States Department of Education. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  20. ^ "Undergraduate Majors and Minors". Xavier University. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  21. ^ "For Students: Core Classes". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  22. ^ a b c d e f "Xavier University Rankings". US News & World Report.
  23. ^ "Best 387 Colleges: 2022 Edition". www.princetonreview.com. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  24. ^ "Alpha Sigma Nu".
  25. ^ "Beta Alpha Psi".
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  29. ^ "Father Graham By the Numbers". Xavier University. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
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  31. ^ "Bellarmine Chapel - Cincinnati, OH". Bellarmine Chapel - Cincinnati, OH. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  32. ^ "Lindner Family Physics Building". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  33. ^ "Logan Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  34. ^ "Albers Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  35. ^ "Hinkle Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  36. ^ "Schmidt Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  37. ^ "Edgecliff Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  38. ^ "Walter Schott Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  39. ^ "Andrew J. and Mary McDonald Memorial Library". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  40. ^ "Alter Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  41. ^ "Our Lady of Peace Chapel Adds Charm to Academic Mall - Now @ Xavier | Xavier University". www.xavier.edu. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  42. ^ "Conaton Learning Commons". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  43. ^ "The Stephen and Dolores Smith Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  44. ^ "Thomas J. Hailstones Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  45. ^ "Brockman Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  46. ^ "Buenger Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  47. ^ "Kuhlman Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  48. ^ "Husman Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  49. ^ "Justice Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  50. ^ "Schmidt Memorial Fieldhouse". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  51. ^ "Heidt Family Champions Center". Xavier University Athletics. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  52. ^ "Armory". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  53. ^ "Joseph Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  54. ^ "Elet Hall". Xavier University. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  55. ^ Ross, Sierra (August 5, 2019). "HUB opening to kick off semester". Xavier Newswire.
  56. ^ "Health United Building". Xavier University. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
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  58. ^ "Xavier University—Freshman-Cohort Graduation Rates" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  59. ^ Athletics Website[permanent dead link‍]
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  61. ^ Branch, John (March 15, 2010). "At Xavier, Nun Works Out Players' Academic Side". The New York Times.
  62. ^ "The Most Valuable College Basketball Teams – Forbes.com". January 2, 2008. Archived from the original on January 5, 2008.
  63. ^ "Xavier Athletics - Xavier Men's Swimming Captures First BIG EAST Championship". Goxavier.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  64. ^ "Xavier Athletics - Men's Swimming Wins Third-Straight BIG EAST Championship". Goxavier.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  65. ^ "Xavier Official Athletic Site – Traditions". Goxavier.cstv.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  66. ^ "On Campus – College Team Mascots – Blue Blob – Xavier University". Playboy.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  67. ^ "Xavier Athletics and Wing Eyecare to Distribute Blue Blob Bobblebody". goxavier.com. October 29, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  68. ^ "Xavier University Kids Teddy Bears & Toys". Bkstr.com. June 27, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  69. ^ "The Xavier Newswire – Front Page – week of October 17, 2007". Xavier.edu. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  70. ^ "Men for Others". onlineministries.creighton.edu. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  71. ^ "Why We Stay…The Changing Role of Women in our Faith Communities, AJC Cincinnati Regional Office". www.ajccincinnati.org. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  72. ^ "Service Programs". www.xavier.edu. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  73. ^ "Catholic College Students Find Joy in Spring Break Service Trips". m.ncregister.com. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  74. ^ "Xavier University (Cincinnati, Ohio) comes to visit!". Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  75. ^ "President's Service Honor Role, p.20. Accessed 9 May 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  76. ^ "Contemplatives in Action". www.xavier.edu. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  77. ^ "The Dater Foundation -Serving Cincinnati-". www.daterfoundation.org. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  78. ^ "Rachel Snodgrass | Brueggeman Fellows". brueggemanfellows.org. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  79. ^ "Xavier University - Center for Faith and Justice - Service and Justice - Internship Opportunities". www.xavier.edu. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  80. ^ "First Year Opportunities". www.xavier.edu. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  81. ^ "Xavier University - Center for Faith and Justice - Service and Justice - Post-Graduate Service". www.xavier.edu. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  82. ^ "Steers, Dillon Are Opponents In Legal Contest". Valparaiso Vidette Messenger. October 29, 1960.
  83. ^ "Biography of Robert L. "Bob" Heleringer". equineregulatorylaw.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  84. ^ "Paul John Hilbert [9430]".
  85. ^ Noble, Holcomb B. (September 5, 1998). "Robert Huebner, 84, Dies; Found Virus-Cancer Connections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  86. ^ Green, Judy; LaDuke, Jeanne, eds. (2009). Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhDs. Washington, DC: American Mathematical Society. p. 277. ISBN 9780821843765.
  87. ^ Staff. Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey: 1987 edition, p. 243. E. J. Mullin, 1987. Accessed September 13, 2016. "Dennis L. Riley, Dem., Gloucester Township - Mr. Riley was born Sept. 13, 1945, in Ottawa, Ill. He studied at Xavier University and the University of Cincinnati, and received his law degree at the Camden Law School of Rutgers University in 1972, the year of his admission to the bar."

Further reading

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[edit]

39°08′55″N 84°28′41″W / 39.14868°N 84.47799°W / 39.14868; -84.47799

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