Gerald Durrell

Gerald Durrell OBE
Durrell in Askania Nova, 1985
Born	Gerald Malcolm Durrell (1925-01-07)7 January 1925 Jamshedpur, British India
Died	30 January 1995(1995-01-30) (aged 70) Saint Helier, Jersey
Known for	Naturalist writer founder of Jersey Zoo television presenter conservationist
Spouses	Jacquie Wolfenden ​ ​ (m. 1951; div. 1979)​ Lee Wilson ​ (m. 1979)​
Parents	Lawrence Samuel Durrell Louisa Florence Durrell (née Dixie)
Relatives	Lawrence Durrell (brother) Margaret Durrell (sister) Leslie Durrell (brother)
Scientific career
Author abbrev. (zoology)	Durrell

Gerald Malcolm Durrell, OBE (7 January 1925 – 30 January 1995) was a British naturalist, writer, zookeeper, conservationist, and television presenter. He founded the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and the Jersey Zoo on the Channel Island of Jersey in 1959. He wrote approximately forty books, mainly about his life as an animal collector and enthusiast, the most famous being My Family and Other Animals (1956). Those memoirs of his family's years living in Greece were adapted into two television series (My Family and Other Animals, 1987, and The Durrells, 2016–2019) and one television film (My Family and Other Animals, 2005). He was the youngest brother of novelist Lawrence Durrell.

Early life and education

Durrell was born in Jamshedpur, British India, on 7 January 1925. His father, Lawrence Samuel Durrell, was a civil engineer; his mother was Louisa Florence Dixie. He had two older brothers, Lawrence and Leslie, and an older sister, Margaret. Another sister, Margery, had died in infancy. His parents had both been born in India. His mother's family were Irish Protestants from Cork, and his father's father, who was from Suffolk, had come to India and married an Anglo-Irish woman. Durrell's father insisted that Louisa conform with conventional expectations, but she was more independent than most women of the era. She spent much time with her cook, learning to make curries, and had trained as a nurse. It was usual for Anglo-English parents to see little of their children, and the household included an ayah (a nursemaid) who helped raise the children, and a Catholic governess.

When Durrell was fourteen months old, the family left Jamshedpur and sailed to Britain, where his father bought a house in Dulwich, near where both the older boys were at school. They returned to India in late 1926 or early 1927, settling in Lahore, where Lawrence had contract work. It was in Lahore that Gerald's fascination with animals began, first when he saw two large slugs entwined in a ditch while out with his ayah one day, and later when he visited the zoo in Lahore. He was entranced by the zoo, later recalling "The zoo was in fact very tiny and the cages minuscule and probably never cleaned out, and certainly if I saw the zoo today I would be the first to have it closed down, but as a child it was a magic place. Having been there once, nothing could keep me away." The Durrells also briefly owned a pair of Himalayan bear cubs, given to them by Louisa's brother John, a hunter. Louisa soon decided they were too dangerous, and gave them to the zoo.

Durrell's father fell ill in early 1928, and died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 16 April. Louisa was devastated by his death, but Gerald was scarcely affected, having had little emotional connection to his father. Louisa considered keeping the family in India, but eventually decided to move back to the UK, and they sailed back from Bombay. The house in Dulwich that Lawrence had bought in 1926 was large and expensive to run, and in 1930 Louisa moved the family to a flat attached to the Queen's Hotel in Upper Norwood. Louisa made friends with a Mrs. Brown who was also living in one of the hotel flats, and when Mrs. Brown moved to Bournemouth with her mother and daughter, Louisa followed, buying a large house in Parkstone in early 1931. Louisa was lonely with just Gerald for company; the other three children were at school or studying elsewhere. She began to drink, and eventually had "what in those days was called a 'nervous breakdown'", in Gerald's words. A governess was brought in for a while. but after Louisa returned, temporarily freed of her drinking habit, Gerald was sent to a kindergarten nearby instead. He enjoyed his time there, particularly because one of the teachers encouraged his interest in natural history, bringing in an aquarium with goldfish and pond snails.

In 1932 Louisa moved them again, to a smaller house in Bournemouth, and the following year she enrolled him at Wychwood School. Gerald loathed the school; the only lessons he enjoyed were in natural history. He would scream and struggle to avoid going. When he was nine he was spanked by his headmaster, and his mother took him away from the school. She bought him a dog, which he named Roger, as compensation for his traumatic time there. He never received any further formal education, though he intermittently had tutors.

Corfu

Lawrence and his partner, Nancy, moved in with Louisa and Gerald at about the end of 1934 when the friends they had been living with, George and Pam Wilkinson, emigrated to Corfu. George wrote to Lawrence about Corfu in glowing terms, and first Lawrence and then the rest of the family took up the idea of moving there. Lawrence and Nancy left England on 2 March 1935, and the rest of the family followed five days later, sailing from Tilbury. They reached Naples later that month, and took a train across Italy to Brindisi, where they took a ferry to Corfu.

Lawrence and Nancy moved in to a house in Perama, near the Wilkinsons, and the rest of the family stayed in the Pension Suisse in Corfu town for a few days, househunting. They met Spiro Chalikiopoulos, who found them a villa near Lawrence and Nancy, and became a close family friend. Gerald fell in love with Corfu as soon as they moved out of the town, and spent his days exploring, with a butterfly net and empty matchboxes in which to bring home his finds. Louisa soon decided he needed to continue his education, and hired George to tutor him in the mornings, but Gerald was a poor student.

If I had the power of magic, I would confer two gifts on every child—the enchanted childhood I had on the island of Corfu, and to be guided and befriended by Theodore Stephanides.

—Gerald Durrell

George was friends with Theodore Stephanides, a polymathic Greek-British doctor and scientist, whom he introduced to Gerald. Stephanides spent a half-day every week with Gerald, walking in the countryside with him, and talking to him about natural history, among many other topics. He was enormously influential on Gerald, and helped to encourage and systematize Gerald's love of the natural world. Gerald collected animals of all kinds, keeping them in the villa in whatever containers he could find, sometimes causing an uproar in the family when they discovered water snakes in the bath or scorpions in matchboxes. Stephanides's daughter, Alexia, who was a little younger than Gerald, became his closest friend, and the families of each hoped that the two would one day marry.

In mid-1935 the family moved to a villa near Kondokali, not far north of Corfu town. Gerald's education continued to be haphazard, with tutors who were unable to interest him. Lawrence encouraged Gerald to read widely, giving him an eclectic selection of books, from the unexpurgated version of Lady Chatterley's Lover to Darwin. Among the books were several by naturalists, including Henri Fabre's Insect Life and The Life and Love of the Insects, which Gerald found entrancing; naturalists such as Fabre, Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Gilbert White became his heroes. Equally influential was a copy of Wide World, an adventure magazine, which Leslie lent him: it contained an account of an animal-collecting expedition to the Cameroons led by Percy Sladen, and gave Gerald the ambition of someday doing the same. Leslie and Lawrence each owned boats, and Gerald was given a small rowing boat as a birthday present. It was christened the Bootle-Bumtrinket, and Gerald added trips along the coast to his excursions through the countryside.

Late in 1937 the family moved again, this time to a villa overlooking Halikiopoulou Lagoon that had been built as a residence for the British Governor of the Ionian Islands. Stephanides left the island for a job in Cyprus in early 1938, though his wife and daughter stayed in Corfu, and Margaret returned to England the following year. In mid-1939, with war looking increasingly likely, Louisa was warned by her London bank that if she did not return to England she would have no access to her funds if hostilities broke out. Louisa, Leslie, Gerald, and Maria Condos, the family's maid, left Corfu for England in June. Margaret briefly returned; Lawrence and Nancy waited to leave until after war was declared, and Margaret finally left after Christmas.

War years and Whipsnade

Louisa established the family in a Kensington flat, and began looking for a house for them. While they were in London, Gerald took his first job, as an assistant at a pet shop near the flat, and impressed the owner with his knowledge of animals. Louisa moved the family back to Bournemouth by early 1940, and there she made one more attempt to get Gerald an education. A visit to a local public school was not a success, so another tutor was hired: Harold Binns, a veteran of World War I. Binns taught Gerald to appreciate poetry and gave him a love of words, and also showed him how to make use of his local public library. Gerald spent the next two years exploring the countryside around Bournemouth and reading books from the library, supplementing these with purchases when he could afford to do so.

His call-up for the war came in late 1942, but he was exempted from military duty on medical grounds. He was given the option of working in a munitions factory or finding work on a farm; he chose the latter, but instead worked at a riding school at Longham, near Bournemouth, having persuaded the owner to tell the authorities he was doing farmwork if asked. He spent the rest of the war mucking out and grooming the horses, giving riding lessons, and occasionally having brief affairs with women he was teaching to ride.

After the war in Europe ended in May 1945, Durrell decided that if he were ever to achieve his dream of owning a zoo, he had to gain more experience working with animals. He applied to the Zoological Society of London, and was invited to the zoo to meet the Superintendent, Geoffrey Vevers. At the interview, Durrell "prattled on interminably about animals, animal collecting and my own zoo", as he later put it, and Vevers wrote to him a few weeks later offering him a position as a student keeper at Whipsnade Zoo. He began work there on 30 July. He was transferred periodically between areas of the zoo, and spent much of his time cleaning the animal's cages, but occasionally had more interesting tasks, such as helping to handrear four newborn Père David's deer. The work could be dangerous: he was asked at one point to separate a water buffalo calf from its mother, which attacked him and broke several bones in his hand. Durrell continued his reading while at Whipsnade, now concentrating on learning more about zoos. The extinctions of animals such as the dodo, the passenger pigeon and the quagga appalled him, and he realized that zoos had little interest in addressing the problems of endangered species. He was also disappointed by the scientific knowledge of Whipsnade's staff, many of whom were unwilling to pass on what they knew in any case, in order to protect their jobs. An exception was another newly hired keeper, Ken Smith, who was responsible for the Père David's deer. Smith and Durrell established a friendship that lasted long after Durrell left Whipsnade. Durrell had good friends among the women keepers, and some romances, including one woman whom he took to Bournemouth to meet his family a couple of times.

On Durrell's twenty-first birthday, in January 1946, he inherited ₤3,000 (equivalent to ₤157,000 in 2023) that had been set aside for him in his father's will. His long-term goal was to collect animals and start a zoo, and he wrote letters to animal collectors of the day, offering to pay his own expenses if he could join their expeditions. All turned him down because of his lack of experience. Eventually he decided to use his inheritance to fund an expedition of his own, which would give him the experience he needed to be hired by the established collectors. He left Whipsnade in May and returned to Bournemouth to plan his first expedition.

Early expeditions

Cameroons 1947-1948: Bakebe, Mamfe and Eshobi

Durrell planned to visit the British Cameroons in West Africa. He teamed up with John Yealland, an ornithologist with some collecting experience, and several British zoos expressed interest in seeing whatever they were able to bring back. The planning took over a year, and during that time Durrell met and fell in love with a woman in London that he refers to in his writings only as Juliet. Durrell considered marrying her, but she eventually ended the affair after a couple of years.

Durrell and Yealland left from Liverpool on 14 December 1947 in a boat acquired from the Germans because of the war. It broke down three times, but eventually reached the coast of the Cameroons at about the turn of the year. The two men stayed in Victoria, on the coast, buying supplies, planning trips to the interior, and learning pidgin. In early January they stopped in Bakebe for three days, acquiring a hairy frog and a baby drill, among other creatures, and then went on to Mamfe, where they spent a week. In mid-January Yealland returned to Bakebe to establish a base, and Durrell went on to Eshobi, with carriers for his equipment as there was nothing resembling a road. He spent months there, collecting hundreds of animals, and the return to Mamfe required sixty carriers to bring them all, with Durrell suffering from sandfly fever during the trip. He rested at Bakebe for a few days to recover, and while he was there a hunter brought in an angwantibo, one of the animals he was keenest to obtain, as he knew London Zoo were looking to acquire them. Cecil Webb, a well-established animal collector, arrived in the Cameroons intending to catch angwantibo shortly afterwards; he considered Durrell and Yealland to be amateurs, and Durrell was delighted to be able to tell him when they met that the angwantibo was prospering. Durrell gave Webb a chimpanzee, named Cholmondely, to take back to London Zoo.

In July, as they began making arrangements to return, Durrell realized they did not have enough money. He wired home for a loan; Leslie's girlfriend, Doris Hall, sent ₤250 (equivalent to ₤11,500 in 2023) immediately. Durrell came down with malaria just before the return home on the Tetela, a banana boat. He was told by a doctor that he would die if he insisted on traveling to the coast and boarding the ship, rather than resting. Durrell ignored the advice, and sailed from Tiko with the animals on 25 July, recovering on the voyage. They arrived in Liverpool on 10 August, with nearly two hundred animals, which were dispersed to various English zoos.

Cameroons 1949: Mamfe, Eshobi and Bafut

The expedition had been successful but not profitable; it had absorbed half of Durrell's inheritance. British zoos would pay ₤1000 (equivalent to ₤46,000 in 2023) for a gorilla, a hippo, or an elephant, and Durrell planned a second trip which would target these larger animals. Herbert Whitley, the owner of a private zoo, promised to buy at least half of whatever animals Durrell brought back. Yealland was not available for another expedition, but Ken Smith agreed to partner Durrell, and the two made plans to return to the Cameroons, this time intending to go further north, into the grasslands of the central Cameroons. They left from Liverpool in early January 1949, arriving in mid-February, and reached Mamfe on 20 February. There they set up a base camp, and Durrell went to Eshobi again, where he was greeted warmly by the villagers, who had profited handsomely by selling him the animals they captured during his first expedition. The villagers quickly acquired first one and eventually dozens of flying squirrels for Durrell, one of the species he was keenest to obtain.

In mid-March they went north to Bafut, where the Fon, Achirimbi II, the king of the area, had agreed to rent them a house in his compound. On arrival Durrell met with the Fon, explaining what animals he was seeking, and drawing sketches of them. On advice from the district officer (the local British colonial administrator) Durrell had brought a bottle of Irish whiskey, and the two men emptied it over the course of the evening. Durrell and the Fon became firm friends, and often drank together in the evenings. The Fon's influence meant that there was a constant stream of hunters coming to the house with animals for Durrell, augmenting what he was obtaining from the hunts he went on. Acquisitions included a great cane rat, pygmy dormice, hyraxes, pouched rats, an Allen's galago, skinks, a Nile monitor, sunbirds, and a golden cat. Hunters frequently brought snakes, and Durrell was bitten by a burrowing viper, requiring an emergency trip to Bemenda for antiserum.

They again ran out of money, and had to wire home for a loan (again arranged via Leslie), though they hoped that selling the collection in England on their return would at least recoup their expenditures. They knew that obtaining one of the high-value animals would immediately resolve their financial problems, so Durrell canoed downriver to Asagem, where there was a hippo herd. It was considered impossible to capture a hippo calf without killing the parents, as hippos are very dangerous animals, so Durrell shot both the bull and cow. A crocodile killed the hippo calf almost immediately, before it could be captured. Durrell did not have a permit to kill any further hippos, and was deeply distressed by having had to kill two animals at all, let alone in a failed attempt to obtain their calf. A promise of a young gorilla persuaded Durrell and Smith to stay in Mamfe past their intended departure date, but it never appeared. Durrell was forced to sell equipment, including guns, to raise money, and eventually they left Tiko in early August. Most of the animals survived the journey, but the last flying squirrel died just one day from docking at Liverpool on 25 August.

Despite the failure to obtain the more valuable animals, the expedition had brought back several species never previously seen in Britain and had turned a small profit. As they came ashore Durrell and Smith were already planning another trip, this time to South America.

British Guiana 1950

In January 1950 Smith and Durrell arrived in British Guiana. Smith stayed in Georgetown, the capital, while Durrell made collecting trips—to Adventure, a town near the mouth of the Essequibo river; along the seashore to catch freshwater wildlifle in the creeks; and to the Rupununi savannah, where he visited Tiny McTurk at his ranch, Karanambo. The collection grew to include paradoxical frogs, margays, fer-de-lance, armadillos, macaws, tree porcupines, and anacondas. Again money ran short, and Durrell returned to Britain in April to sell some of the animals so he could wire the profits to Smith.

Belle Vue Zoo and first marriage

In 1949 Durrell had met Jacquie Wolfenden, the nineteen-year-old daughter of the proprietors of a hotel in Manchester where he stayed while doing business with Belle Vue Zoo. He returned to the hotel in May 1950, since the animals from the trip to British Guiana were housed nearby. Jacquie was initially unenthusiastic about his presence, despite an enjoyable dinner date they had shared the previous year. A visit to the animal collection changed her mind: "Suddenly this seemingly shallow young man became a different person ... He really cared about them, and they, in a funny way, returned this love and interest with obvious trust ... I just sat on a box and watched him ... He had certainly forgotten that I was there, and concentrated his entire attention on the animals. The whole thing fascinated me."

Once the animals had all been sold, Durrell went back to Bournemouth, but wrote frequent letters and telegrams to her. Jacquie's father objected to the relationship, since Durrell appeared to have no money and no prospects. In addition, Durrell was fond of whisky: alcohol had killed Jacquie's paternal grandfather. Durrell visited Manchester again to talk to Jacquie's father, and to her surprise the meeting was amicable, with Durrell receiving permission to see more of Jacquie. Jacquie continued to spend time with Durrell, partly, she later said, to annoy her father, but she soon found herself deeply emotionally involved with Durrell.

The expedition to British Guiana had left Durrell with only about ₤200 (equivalent to ₤9,000 in 2023). He had to get a job, but the only jobs he was suited for were in zoos, and his chances of obtaining one were damaged by George Cansdale, the superintendent of London Zoo. Cansdale deeply disliked Durrell: Jacquie later said it was because Cansdale regarded himself as the main expert on West African animals and was offended at Gerald intruding on what he regarded as his territory. Durrell had also criticized London Zoo, rightly in the eyes of David Attenborough, another rising figure in the world of natural history, for treating zoos as stamp collections, intended to showcase as many animals as possible, rather than scientific institutions. Cansdale sent a letter to British zoos criticizing Durrell's animal care and competence. After multiple rejections, Durrell finally took a short-term post at Belle Vue Zoo in late 1950, staying at Jacquie's parents' hotel. When Jacquie reached 21, in 1950, she was free to marry without her parents permission. After months of indecision, she agreed to the marriage, and the two eloped in February 1951, marrying on 26 February in Bournemouth. Her family never forgave her, and she never saw any of them again.

Radio talks and first books

The Durrells began their marriage in a tiny flat in Margaret's house in Bournemouth. They had almost no money; Durrell applied for jobs but found nothing in the UK, except a short-term position at a seaside menagerie in Margate. Jacquie joined him there and began "learning about animal keeping the hard way", helping to feed and care for the animals. Jacquie knew Gerald was a marvellous storyteller, and tried to persuade him to write down some of his stories to make money, but he resisted. Lawrence visited from Belgrade in May 1951, and agreed with Jacquie, offering to introduce Gerald to his own publisher, Faber & Faber. Gerald still demurred, and then came down with a recurrence of malaria: Jacquie later recalled that when the doctor advised a light, high-fluid diet, she had to ask if bread and tea would suffice as that was all they could afford. Jacquie continued to pressure him after he recovered. Finally, after complaining about a radio talk on West Africa, she pointed out that he could do better and should try. Within a few days Gerald borrowed a typewriter and produced a script for a short talk about his hunt for the hairy frog in the Cameroons.

Late that year they heard from the BBC that the script had been accepted, and on 9 December 1951 Durrell read the talk live on the Home Service. The fee was a welcome fifteen guineas, and Durrell produced more fifteen-minute talks but had also now decided that it might be worth writing a book. Louisa gave him an allowance of ₤3 per week (equivalent to ₤120.00 in 2023) to sustain him and Jacquie while he worked. Durrell decided to write an account of his first trip to the Cameroons, and quickly realized that he did not want to simply relate the events of the trip chronologically; he wanted to make the animals central characters, and to make the book entertaining and humorous rather than tediously factual. The completed typescript, titled The Overloaded Ark, was posted to Faber & Faber with a covering letter mentioning that Lawrence was Gerald's brother. Durrell continued to apply for jobs while waiting for a response, but without success. Faber & Faber responded after six weeks, asking Durrell to visit them in London to discuss the book. He let them know that he could not afford the train fare, and they wrote again offering ₤25 (equivalent to ₤910.00 in 2023), and another ₤25 on publication. Durrell accepted.

Lawrence had advised Gerald not to bother with an agent, but Gerald felt an agent would have obtained a higher payment from Faber & Faber, and contacted Curtis Brown, Lawrence's own agent, in late 1952. They read a galley proof of The Overloaded Ark and asked Durrell to come to London to meet with them, and again he had to phone them to explain that he could not afford the fare. They immediately offered to pay his expenses, and sent ₤120 (equivalent to ₤4,400 in 2023). Jacquie later commented that "[this] was the first time that anyone had given us concrete evidence of their faith in Gerry's abilities". Gerald and Jacquie both visited Curtis Brown, who offered to try to sell the American rights. Shortly after the Durrells returned to Bournemouth they received a telegram saying the rights had been sold for ₤500 (equivalent to ₤18,000 in 2023).

Durrell soon began work on a book about the expedition to British Guiana, titled Three Singles to Adventure. It was completed in only six weeks, and sold to Rupert Hart-Davis; and after a short break Durrell began on a third book, The Bafut Beagles, about his second trip to the Cameroons. The Overloaded Ark was published on 31 July 1953, to favourable reviews in both Britain and the US. The only exceptions were a couple of reviewers from the animal business in the UK, who considered the book lightweight, and no competition for Cecil Webb's autobiography. The book's dialog used pidgin and one or two reviews suggested that this could be seen as offensive. An occasional review questioned whether zoos, and animal collecting, were ethical. Durrell himself was strongly critical of how zoos were run at the time, but kept his views out of his early books.

South America

The money Durrell was earning from writing enabled him to plan another expedition. Jacquie chose the destination as she had never left Europe: she picked Argentina, and in subsequent planning this was expanded to included a visit to Paraguay. A secretary, Sophie Cook, was hired to help with preparations, all made from the tiny flat in Margaret's house in Bournemouth. Their ship left Tilbury in November 1953: the Durrells had been promised a pleasant trip out by their travel agents, which they were looking forward to as a substitute for the honeymoon they had not had, but in the event the accommodations were cramped and unpleasant, the boat filthy, and the food appalling.

They arrived in Buenos Aires on 19 December 1953, and met with Bebita Ferreyra, a friend of Lawrence's whom he had given them an introduction to; they came to rely on Ferreyra's assistance with the innumerable miscellaneous problems they had to resolve in Buenos Aires. They soon discovered it would be impossible to visit Tierra del Fuego, as they had planned, and instead visited the pampas, beginning their collecting with burrowing owls, Guira cuckoos, and a baby southern screamer. From the pampas they headed to Puerto Casado in Paraguay, on the Paraguay River, and from there went on to the Chaco. They acquired a baby giant anteater, a dourocouli, a crab-eating raccoon, and a grey pampas fox, among many other animals, but as they were making plans for the thousand-mile journey back to Buenos Aires they discovered there had been a revolution in Asunción, the Paraguayan capital. They were advised to leave immediately, and had to arrange a light plane to take them back to Buenos Aires, which meant most of the animals had to be left behind.

The trip home on the Paraguay Star was much more luxurious than the outbound voyage had been. They arrived in London in July, and the few animals they had been able to bring with them were quickly placed with zoos, but the money from The Overloaded Ark had been spent on the expedition with little return. Three Singles to Adventure had been published while they were in South America: the reviews were mostly positive, but Cansdale, who had been annoyed by criticism of London Zoo in The Overloaded Ark, wrote a scornful review in The Daily Telegraph, describing the book as superficial, hastily written, and uninformative, and Durrell as an incompetent who was lucky to have survived the expedition.

The Drunken Forest and The New Noah

To bring in more money, Durrell wrote an account of the South American trip, titled The Drunken Forest, and as soon as that was turned in to the publisher he began a children's book, The New Noah. This was a compilation of true stories from the various expeditions of the previous ten years. Durrell disliked writing: Jacquie and Sophie had to nag him constantly during the writing of The Drunken Forest, and when it looked as though he would never finish The New Noah they began writing a final chapter for it, prompting Durrell to return to the book and complete it.

The Bafut Beagles was released on 15 October 1954, and it was made Book of the Month by World Books, a book club; this guaranteed substantial sales, and Hart-Davis celebrated with a dinner in Durrell's honour at the Savoy hotel. In November Durrell gave an sold-out lecture at the Royal Festival Hall, illustrating the talk with lightning cartoon drawings, and showing film of the capture of an anaconda from the Guiana trip. Reviews for The Bafut Beagles were ecstatic, and it became a best-seller, with the first printing rapidly seling out. It was widely considered Durrell's best book to date. Some reviewers commented that the book was not suitable for all audiences; there were plenty of references to the animal's lavatory and sexual habits, and to drinking alcohol. The review in The Spectator commented that there were no moral judgements about animal collecting, or about colonialism: "He attempts no explanations ...he passes no moral judgements; he is absorbed wholly in particulars ... [he has] no recipes for the future of the dark continent".

In 1955 Gerald and Jacquie visited Lawrence in Cyprus for two months, planning to make two colour films for television; Gerald had considered Cyprus as a possible location for the zoo he wanted to establish one day. While they were in Nicosia, the first of the bomb attacks from EOKA began, and both ideas were abandoned, though they did make a film about a Cypriot village while they were there. In June they returned to the UK and rented a flat in Woodside Park, in north London. Durrell contracted jaundice, and while ill he decided to write a book about his childhood in Corfu.

My Family and Other Animals

Durrell had given a talk in 1952 called My Island Tutors in which he had described four of the tutors he had had on Corfu, but had made no other use of his pre-war memories. He planned the book meticulously: there would be three parts, one for each of the villas, and he decided to constantly switch between the three main themes of the book—the landscape; the inhabitants and animals; and his family's eccentricities—in order to prevent a reader from becoming bored with any one of the topics. He planned the sequence in which every character (human and animal) would be introduced. When he began to recover from the jaundice, he returned to Bournemouth, and began to write, producing 120,000 words in just six weeks. Curtis Brown and Rupert Hart-Davis were delighted with the manuscript, and assured him it would be a bestseller.

He was exhausted by the time the book was completed, and went with Jacquie to the Scilly Isles for two weeks to relax and recover. The manuscript was read by his family, who were "more bemused than amused", in the words of Durrell's biographer. Durrell had taken liberties with chronology, but claimed that every incident on the book were completely true, though Margaret and Louisa thought otherwise. Louisa commented that "The awful thing about Gerald's book is that I'm beginning to believe it is all true, when it isn't." Lawrence disagreed, saying that it was a "rather truthful book—the best argument I know for keeping thirteen-year-olds at boarding-schools and not letting them hang about the house listening in to conversations of their elders and betters". There were, however, some obvious changes that Gerald had made: for example, he had portrayed Lawrence as staying with the rest of the family, instead of living elsewhere with Nancy, who was not even mentioned in the book. My Family and Other Animals was published in October 1956—the title had been suggested by Curtis Brown's son-in-law—and drew enthusiastic reviews describing it as "bewitching", "joyous", and "uproarious". It immediately became a bestseller, going into a third printing before it had even been published.

Cameroons 1956-1957

Late in 1955 Durrell began planning another collecting expedition. He had accepted that the expeditions could never be profitable in themselves, but he knew they would provide material for the books which were his source of income. He also hoped to make a film of the expedition. He settled on returning to the Cameroons, and to Bafut in particular, since he could be sure of cooperation from the Fon and the local hunters. Durrell also began lobbying Bournemouth town council to establish a zoo there, which he would manage, but received little encouragement.

In late December 1956 the Durrells boarded the SS Tortugeiro in Southampton, accompanied by Sophie Cook and Robert Golding, a young naturalist. The British government officials were hostile and uncooperative: they considered Durrell had portrayed the Fon in The Bafut Beagles as "a carousing black clown who spoke comic pidgin English", in Jacquie's words, and they had trouble getting their equipment through customs. Eventually they reached Mamfe, and discovered that it would be impossible to collect any gorillas—aside from the difficult of getting a licence, there were so few gorillas left in the area that Durrell realized it would be wrong to capture one. They did obtain permission to film them, but Durrell became ill, both physically and mentally. He had to be hospitalized because of injuries to his feet, and he became depressed and started drinking heavily.

Jacquie suggested to Gerald that instead of selling the animals they were collecting, they should keep the collection and "use it to blackmail the Bournemouth Council into giving us a suitable zoo site in the town", and Durrell agreed. He remained depressed at the changes in the Cameroons since he had first visited, even when they finally reached Bafut and met the Fon again. Durrell continued to drink heavily. He came down with malaria; and then he and Jacquie both caught a blood disease. By May they had hundreds of animals collected, including sunbirds, cobras, eagles, Gaboon vipers, a chevrotain, and a baby chimpanzee. They left Bafut in June 1957, and took ship on the SS Nicoya for Britain.

The animals were established in the garden and garage of Margaret's house in Bournemouth, with some housed at Paignton Zoo, where Ken Smith was the superintendent. Bournemouth town council was initially interested in the idea of a zoo, but eventually decided against it. The town council of Poole, near Bournemouth, offered Upton House, near Poole Harbour, as a possible site. That Christmas some of the animals were housed in a local department stores, J.J. Allen, as "Durrell's Menagerie". Eventually Poole council provided a draft contract, which proved unacceptable: it would have required Durrell to commit ₤10,000 (equivalent to ₤300,000 in 2023), most of which would have been spent on repairs to the property, rather than on building the zoo enclosures and services.

The film they had shot in the Cameroons was used as the basis for a three-part television series, To Bafut for Beef, in early 1958. Durrell was visibly nervous in the studio sequences, and the reviews were mixed. While Durrell had been in the Cameroons in early 1957, the BBC had broadcast a six-part series of talks by Durrell, called Encounters with Animals. It had been very popular, and the BBC commissioned another six talks, titled Animal Attitudes, which were broadcast in 1958. Durrell had not yet written a book about the most recent Cameroons trip, but was under contract to deliver a book by the end of the year. Jacquie suggested turning the talks into a book, a much easier task than writing a new book, and the result, also titled Encounters with Animals, was turned in to Rupert Hart-Davis where it was copyedited by David Hughes, who became a family friend.

Argentina 1958

Durrell began planning a trip to Argentina once the negotiations with Poole council collapsed. As with the Cameroons trip he planned to film the expedition. While planning it, Jacquie suggested that they try the Channel Islands as a possible location for the zoo; Durrell liked the idea, but they had no contacts there and did not follow the suggestion up. A few weeks later Rupert Hart-Davis gave them an introduction to Hugh Fraser, who owned a manor, Les Augrès, on Jersey, and the Durrells flew out to meet him. Durrell happened to mention to Fraser that Les Augrès would be a wonderful site for the zoo; he had not realized that Fraser was considering selling. By the time the Durrells left Jersey an agreement had been reached, and Durrell began negotiating with the island authorities, who proved far more cooperative than Bournemouth and Poole town councils had been. Arrangements had to be made quickly as there was less than a month to go before they left for Argentina. The lease for Les Augrès was signed on 17 October 1958, and the following day the expedition sailed from Plymouth in the English Star. Durrell hired Ken Smith as Superintendent, with the intention of having Smith open the zoo while the Durrels were still in South America.

It took a month to get the expedition's equipment through customs, but eventually they were able to drive down to Patagonia, where they filmed fur seals, elephant seals, and penguins. Jacquie had been injured in a traffic accident, and had apparently recovered, but it seemed possible she had fractured her skull, and when they returned to Buenos Aires in February 1959 she took ship for England. After she had gone Durrell went to Calilegua, in Jujuy province, and brought the animals back to Buenos Aires by train. The collection included a Geoffroy's cat, coatis, peccaries, a puma, seriemas, and yellow-necked macaws. After another short excursion to Mendoza, in search of fairy armadillos, Durrell returned to Buenos Aires, where he met David Attenborough, who had been filming and collecting in Paraguay. Durrell described his plans for the zoo to Attenborough, who thought it could not succeed; Durrell assured him that he would be able to support it with the royalties from his books.

Jersey Zoo and the Wildlife Trust

Dodos stand guard at the gates of the Durrell Wildlife Park

The zoo opened on 26 March 1959, and Jacquie packed up the Durrells's belongings in Bournemouth and moved them to Jersey while Gerald was still in Argentina., She met him at Tilbury Docks when his ship docked, and he traveled with the animals as they were re-embarked for Jersey. The animals arrived on 16 June. Both Durrells were surprised to find that Smith had not followed the detailed blueprint for the zoo's layout that he had been given before the South America trip, though Smith had had to make decisions based on the resources he had available. The Durrells, along with Louisa who moved in with them, settled into Les Augrès, many of whose accommodations soon became devoted to caring for sick animals.

Durrell had still not completed the book about the third Cameroons expedition, and again Jacquie had to nag him repeatedly to write. It was published in 1960 as A Zoo in My Luggage, and was well reviewed and became one of his most popular books. The zoo of the title was operational, but in constant financial trouble: equipment was makeshift, staff were underpaid, and after a year the staff were called to a meeting and told that bankruptcy was possible. They responded with cost-saving ideas, and the zoo survived, but the financial problems persisted for years. Durrell drew no salary, and obtained a loan for ₤20,000 (equivalent to ₤580,000 in 2023) as capital for the zoo, and in 1960 and 1961 took on several more writing projects to bring in money. An account of the trip to Argentina, The Whispering Land, was accompanied by two children's books, Island Zoo and Look at Zoos, along with articles and broadcast appearances. In May 1960, in the midst of these projects, the Durrells took a six-week break on Corfu, revisiting the scenes of Gerald's childhood, with Louisa accompanying them on the trip. Durrell was relieved to find the island much less changed than he had feared. The limited footage shot in Argentina could not support the programme series that Durrell had hoped for, but one programme was made from it in 1961, and the BBC commissioned another series, called Zoo Packet, the same summer.

This was followed in 1962 by an expedition coordinated with the BBC. Instead of collecting animals, the goal was a television series, focusing on conservation issues. The itinerary took them to New Zealand, Australia, and finally Malaya; a planned trip to East Africa was cancelled at the last minute. On their return, they found the zoo on the verge of financial collapse. A financial manager was hired and given iron control of the budget, but more was needed. An appeal was launched, in conjunction with a plan to give control of the zoo to a trust. Donations came in, and Durrell continued writing: Menagerie Manor was an account of the first four years of the zoo's existence, and he also worked on the scripts for Two in the Bush, the BBC series based on the 1962 trip. In July 1963, the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust was created.

Sierra Leone 1965

In January 1964, Louisa died. Durrell was devastated. Durrell's biographer, Douglas Botting, traces the beginning of the breakdown in the marriage to this period: they had had occasional difficult patches, but from this point onwards Jacquie withdrew from many of the activities related to the zoo and the Trust. Durrell began to drink more: he had been advised to drink Guinness to combat anaemia, and began drinking a crate a day, and gaining weight. In 1964, after a holiday in Corfu, Durrell and the BBC arranged a trip to Sierra Leone with the BBC to film a documentary about animal collecting. Jacquie, who had not enjoyed her time in the Cameroons, refused to go, and instead went to Argentina to research a possible third collecting trip.

The trust opened an international wing, the Wildlife Preservation Trust International, in the United States in 1971, to aid international conservation efforts in a better fashion. That year, the trust bought out Les Augres Manor from its owner, Major Hugh Fraser, giving the zoo a permanent home.

Durrell's initiative caused the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society to start the World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival in 1972 at Jersey, today one of the most prestigious conferences in the field. 1972 also saw Princess Anne becoming a patron of the trust, an action which brought the trust into media limelight and helped raise funds.

The 1970s saw Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust become a leading zoo in the field of captive breeding, championing the cause among species like the lowland gorilla, and various Mauritian fauna. Durrell visited Mauritius several times and coordinated large scale conservation efforts in Mauritius with conservationist Carl Jones, involving captive breeding programmes for native birds and reptiles, ecological recovery of Round Island, training local staff, and setting up local conservation facilities. This ultimately led to the founding of the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation in 1984.

Jacquie Durrell separated from and then divorced Durrell in 1979, citing his increasing work pressure, associated alcoholism and mounting stress as causes.

Durrell met his second wife, Lee McGeorge Wilson, in 1977 when he lectured at Duke University, where she was studying for a PhD in animal communication. In 1978, a year after they first met, Durrell wrote a love letter to his future wife. They married in 1979. She co-authored a number of books with him, including The Amateur Naturalist, and became the honorary director of the trust after his death.

In 1978, Durrell started the training centre for conservationists at the zoo, or the "mini-university" in his words. As of 2005, over a thousand biologists, naturalists, zoo veterinarians and zoo architects from 104 countries have attended the International Training Centre. Durrell was also instrumental in forming the Captive Breeding Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union in 1982.

Durrell founded Wildlife Preservation Trust Canada, now Wildlife Preservation Canada, in 1985. The official appeal, Saving Animals from Extinction, was launched in 1991 at a time when British zoos were not faring well and London Zoo was in danger of closing down.

In 1989, Durrell and his wife, along with David Attenborough and cricketer David Gower helped launch the World Land Trust (then the World Wide Land Conservation Trust). The initial goal of the trust was to purchase rainforest land in Belize as part of the Programme for Belize. Around this time Gerald Durrell developed a friendship with Charles Rycroft, who became an important donor of funds both for building works in Jersey (the Harcroft Lecture Theatre) and for conservation work in East Africa, Madagascar and elsewhere.

1990 saw the trust establish a conservation programme in Madagascar along the lines of the Mauritius programme. Durrell visited Madagascar in 1990 to start captive breeding of a number of endemic species like the aye-aye.

Durrell in Askania Nova

Durrell chose the dodo, the flightless bird of Mauritius that was hunted to extinction in the 17th century, as the logo for both the Jersey Zoo and the trust. The children's chapter of the trust is called the Dodo Club. Following his death, the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust was renamed the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust at the 40th anniversary of the zoo on 26 March 1999. The Wildlife Preservation Trust International also changed its name to Wildlife Trust in 2000, and adopted the logo of the black tamarin.

In A Zoo in My Luggage (1957), Durrell wrote:

To me the extirpation of an animal species is a criminal offence, just as the destruction of something else that we cannot recreate or replace, such as a Rembrandt or the Acropolis, would be.

Personal life

Jacquie accompanied Durrell on most of his following animal expeditions and helped found and manage the Jersey Zoo. She also authored two humorous, best-selling memoirs on the lines of Durrell's books in order to raise money for conservation efforts. They separated and then divorced in 1979, citing the pressure of his work and his alcoholism.

In 1979, Gerald married American Lee McGeorge Wilson, who met him when he gave a lecture at Duke University in North Carolina in 1977, where she was a doctoral student. He was 52 and she was 28 years old. Both were enthusiastic naturalists. They remained married until his death.

Death

By the 1980s Durrell was experiencing significant health challenges. He underwent hip-replacement surgery in a bid to counter arthritis, and he also suffered from alcohol-related liver problems. His health deteriorated rapidly after the 1990 Madagascar trip. Durrell had a liver transplant in King's College Hospital on 28 March 1994, and he died of septicaemia on 30 January 1995, shortly after his 70th birthday in Jersey General Hospital. His ashes are buried in Jersey Zoo, under a memorial plaque bearing a quote by William Beebe:

The beauty and genius of a work of art may be re-conceived, though its first material expression be destroyed; a vanished harmony may yet again inspire the composer; but when the last individual of a race of living beings breathes no more, another heaven and another earth must pass before such a one can be again. (The Bird, 1906)

A memorial celebrating Durrell's life and work was held at the Natural History Museum in London on 28 June 1995. Participants included personal friends such as David Attenborough and Princess Anne.

Books

Durrell's books have a very loose style which pokes fun at himself as well as those around him. Perhaps his best-known work is My Family and Other Animals (1956), which tells of his idyllic childhood on Corfu and was developed into two TV series and one film. It is deprecating about the whole family, especially elder brother Lawrence, who became a famous novelist. Despite Durrell's jokes at Lawrence's expense, the two were close friends all their lives.

Durrell always insisted that he wrote for royalties to help the cause of environmental stewardship, not out of an inherent love for writing. He describes himself as a writer in comparison to his brother:

The subtle difference between us is that he loves writing and I don't. To me it's simply a way to make money which enables me to do my animal work, nothing more.

Durrell was a regular contributor to magazines on both sides of the Atlantic, including Harper's, Atlantic Monthly, and the Sunday Times Supplement. He was also a regular book reviewer for The New York Times. A number of excerpts and stories from his books were used by Octopus Books and Reader's Digest Publishing, including in the Reader's Digest Condensed Books. His works have been translated into 31 languages and made into TV serials and feature films. He has large followings in Northern and Eastern Europe, Russia, Israel, and various Commonwealth countries, including India. The British Library houses a collection of Durrell's books as part of the Lawrence Durrell Collection.

Illustrators

Durrell was a talented artist and caricaturist, but worked with numerous illustrators over the years, starting with Sabine Baur for The Overloaded Ark (published by Faber and Faber). Two of his most productive collaborations were with Ralph Thompson (Bafut Beagles, Three Singles To Adventure, The New Noah, The Drunken Forest, Encounters with Animals, A Zoo in My Luggage, The Whispering Land, Menagerie Manor) (published by Rupert Hart-Davis) and Edward Mortelmans (Catch Me A Colobus, Beasts in My Belfry, Golden Bats and Pink Pigeons) (published by Collins). The illustrations are mostly sketches of animal subjects. Ralph Thompson visited the Jersey Zoological Park during the sketching period for Menagerie Manor.

Other illustrators who worked with Durrell were Barry L. Driscoll, who illustrated Two in the Bush; Pat Marriott, who illustrated Look at Zoos; and Anne Mieke van Ogtrop, who illustrated The Talking Parcel and Donkey Rustlers.

Durrell wrote a number of lavishly illustrated children's books in his later years. Graham Percy was the illustrator for The Fantastic Flying Journey and The Fantastic Dinosaur Adventure. Toby the Tortoise and Keeper were illustrated by Keith West. His Puppy board books were illustrated by Cliff Wright.

Honours and legacy

Main article: List of awards and honours received by Gerald Durrell

Statue of Gerald Durrell at Jersey Zoo, sculpted by John Doubleday

• Durrell received the OBE in 1982.
• Species named for Durrell include:
  • Salanoia durrelli: a carnivoran species related to the brown-tailed mongoose, from Lake Alaotra, Madagascar. (2010)
  • Centrolene durrellorum: A glassfrog of the family Centrolenidae from the eastern Andean foothills of Ecuador, discovered in 2002 and described in 2005. This frog was named in honour of Gerald Durrell and his wife Lee Durrell "for their contributions to the conservation of global biodiversity".
  • Clarkeia durrelli: A fossil brachiopod of the order Atrypida, from the Upper Silurian age, discovered 1982
  • Nactus serpensinsula durrellorum: The Round Island race of the Serpent Island gecko is a distinct subspecies and was named after both Gerald and Lee Durrell for their contribution to saving the gecko and Round Island fauna in general. Mauritius released a stamp depicting the race.

Major expeditions

Year	Place	Primary purpose	Book	Film	Species in focus
1947 / 1948	Mamfe, British Cameroons (now Cameroon)	Independent animal collecting mission for British zoos	The Overloaded Ark	—	Angwantibo, giant otter shrew
1949	Mamfe and Bafut, British Cameroons (now Cameroon)	Independent animal collecting mission for British zoos	The Bafut Beagles	—	Galago, hairy frog, African golden cat, flying mouse
1950	British Guiana (now Guyana)	Independent animal collecting mission for British zoos	Three Singles to Adventure	—	Giant otter, poison arrow frogs, Surinam toad, capybara, Brazilian porcupine, curassow
1953 / 1954	Argentina and Paraguay	Partially sponsored animal collecting mission	The Drunken Forest	—	Burrowing owl, hornero, anaconda, rhea, giant anteater
1957	Bafut, British Cameroons (now Cameroon)	Animal collecting mission for his own to-be zoo	A Zoo in My Luggage	To Bafut With Beagles	Patas, galago, grey-necked rockfowl
1958	Patagonia, Argentina	Animal collecting mission for his own Jersey Zoo	The Whispering Land	Look (Argentinian Expedition)	South American fur seal, Patagonian hare, vampire bat, Magellanic penguin
1962	Malaysia, and Australia and New Zealand	Shooting of the BBC Nature series Two in the Bush	Two in the Bush	Two in the Bush	kākāpō, kākā, kea, takahē, tuatara, Sumatran rhinoceros, Leadbeater's possum
1965	Sierra Leone	Animal collecting mission for Jersey Zoo to be made into a TV series by BBC	Section of Catch Me a Colobus	Catch Me a Colobus	Colobus, African leopard, red river hog, potto
1968	Mexico	Animal collecting mission for Jersey Zoo	Section of Catch Me a Colobus	—	Volcano rabbit, thick-billed parrot
1969	Great Barrier Reef, Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia	Conservation fact-finding mission, with possible material for book never written	—	—	Great Barrier Reef species
1976, 1977	Mauritius and other Mascarene Islands	Two back-to-back conservation missions and animal collecting expeditions for local breeding and the Jersey Zoo	Golden Bats and Pink Pigeons	The Mauritius Conservation Mission, The Round Island Project	Pink pigeon, Rodrigues fruit bat, Round Island boa, Telfair's skink, Gunther's gecko, Mauritius kestrel
1978	Assam, India and Bhutan	Conservation mission and filming for an episode in a BBC series	—	"Animals Are My Life" episode in The World About Us series	Pigmy hog
1982	Mauritius and other Mascarene Islands and Madagascar	Conservation mission and animal collecting expedition for local breeding and Jersey Zoo to be filmed for a BBC TV series about the Trust's role in other countries	Ark on the Move	Ark on the Move	Pink pigeon, Rodrigues fruit bat, Round Island boa, Telfair's skink, Gunther's gecko, Mauritius kestrel, indri, Madagascan boa
1984	Soviet Union	Shooting of the Channel 4 TV series Durrell in Russia	Durrell in Russia	Durrell in Russia	Przewalski's horse, saiga, cranes, Russian desman
1989	Belize	As part of Programme for Belize — a conservation project which aimed to conserve 250,000 acres (1000 km2) of tropical rain forest	—	—	Belizean rain forest species
1990	Madagascar	Conservation mission and animal collecting expedition for local breeding and Jersey Zoo	The Aye-Aye and I	To the Island of Aye-Aye	Aye-aye, indri, ring-tailed lemur, Alaotran lemur, tenrec

Quotations

Gerald Durrell has one entry in the 8th Edition of The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. "Many people think conservation is just about saving fluffy animals—what they don't realise is that we are trying to prevent the human race from committing suicide."

Sources

• Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2009). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
• Botting, Douglas (1999). Gerald Durrell: The Authorized Biography. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-0655-4.
• Cansdale, George (26 February 1954). "Collecting Wild Animals in British Guiana". The Daily Telegraph.
• Durrell, Gerald (1954). Three Singles to Adventure. London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
• Durrell, Gerald (1956). The Drunken Forest. London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
• Durrell, Gerald (1973). Introduction. Island Trails. By Stephanides, Theodore. London: Macdonald. ISBN 978-0-356-04600-6.
• Durrell, Jacquie (1967). Beasts in My Bed. London: Atheneum.
• Haag, Michael (2017). The Durrells of Corfu. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1781257883.
• Haag, Michael (15 April 2017). "'My father always hoped that Gerry and I would marry,' by Gerard Durrell's childhood friend". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
• Hughes, David (1997). Himself and Other Animals: A Portrait of Gerald Durrell. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-180167-2.
• McNiven, Ian S. (1998), Lawrence Durrell: A Biography, Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-17248-1
• Gruner, Peter (15 May 1998). "Haven for the demure lemur". Evening Standard. p. 7.
• Thomson, Ian (6 April 1998), "The man who thought he was too sexy for Britain", Evening Standard, London

External links

• Works by Gerald Durrell at Open Library
• Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
• "Animal Farm". Time. 24 September 1973. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
• BBC database of Gerald Durrell
• Gerald Durrell database of films at the BFI
• Gerald Durrell at IMDb
• Gerald Durrell discography at Discogs
• Gerald Durrell at Library of Congress, with 80 library catalogue records