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Communist Party of Brazil

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Not to be confused with Brazilian Communist Party.

Communist Party of Brazil
Partido Comunista do Brasil
PresidentLuciana de Oliveira Santos
Founded25 March 1922; 102 years ago (1922-03-25) (official)[1]
18 February 1962 (1962-02-18) (split from PCB)
Registered23 June 1988 (1988-06-23)
Legalised10 May 1985; 39 years ago (1985-05-10)[a]
Banned27 October 1965 (1965-10-27)[b]
Split fromBrazilian Communist Party
HeadquartersBrasília, Brazil[4][5]
NewspaperClasse Operária
Youth wingSocialist Youth Union
Membership (2024)391,142[6]
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism[4]
Historical:
Maoism
Hoxhaism[7]
Political positionLeft-wing[8][9] to far-left[10][11]
National affiliationBrazil of Hope
Regional affiliationSão Paulo Forum
International affiliationIMCWP
Colours  Red
  Yellow
TSE Identification Number65
Chamber of Deputies
6 / 513
Federal Senate
0 / 81
Governorships
0 / 27
Mayors
81 / 5,570
City Councillors
998 / 51,748
Party flag
Website
pcdob.org.br Edit this at Wikidata

The Communist Party of Brazil (Portuguese: Partido Comunista do Brasil, PCdoB) is a political party in Brazil. The PCdoB officially adheres to Marxist–Leninist theory.[4] It has national reach and deep penetration in the trade union and student movements.

PCdoB shares the disputed title of "oldest political party in Brazil" with the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB). The predecessor of both parties was the Brazilian Section of the Communist International, founded on 25 March 1922. The current PCdoB was launched on 18 February 1962, in the aftermath of the Sino-Soviet split. Outlawed after the 1964 coup d'état, PCdoB supported the armed struggle against the regime before its legalization in 1988. Its most famous action in the period was the Araguaia guerrilla (1966–1974). Since 1989, PCdoB has been allied to the Workers' Party (PT) at the federal level, and, as such, it participated in the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and joined the "With the strength of the people" coalition, which elected his successor, Dilma Rousseff. In 2018, the party again allied with PT and the candidacy of Fernando Haddad. Haddad's running mate was PCdoB member Manuela d'Ávila. In 2022 it joined the Brazil of Hope coalition with the PT and the Green Party.

PCdoB publishes the newspaper Working Class (Classe Operária) as well as the magazine Principles (Princípios), and is a member of the Foro de São Paulo. Its youth wing is the Union of the Socialist Youth (União da Juventude Socialista, UJS), launched in 1984, while its trade union wing is the Central of the Workers of Brazil (Central dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras do Brasil, CTB), founded in 2007 as a dissidence from the Unified Workers' Central (Central Única dos Trabalhadores, CUT).

History

[edit]

Schisms

[edit]
The version of the Hammer and Sickle used as the logo of the Communist Party of Brazil (Red Fraction)
  • The Trotskyist Dissence (1928): In mid-1928, PC-SBIC suffered its first schism, when a small group of Marxist intellectuals broke with the political theses of PC-SBIC influenced by Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition, and its criticism of Stalinism prevailing as the official ideology of the Communist International and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
  • Brazilian Communist Party (1961): In 1961, the "revisionist" group held an Extraordinary National Conference, adopting a new program, a new statute, replacing the main body of the party (The Working Class), and adopting the name of Brazilian Communist Party, keeping the acronym of PCB, until then popularly used to identify PC-SBIC. The maneuver was led by Luís Carlos Prestes, which claimed that the move made it possible for PC-SBIC to regain its legal registration – which was ultimately not obtained. The Marxist–Leninist group claimed that Prestes' move broke PC-SBIC's statute and was, therefore, illegal according to the party rules. They launched a document called The Hundred Men Letter, claiming the implementation of an extraordinary congress to validate the changes. It also criticized the new party line, accusing it of being "right-wing and opportunistic." After that, the self called "anti-revisionist" group adopted the name of Communist Party of Brazil and the acronym of PCdoB to differentiate themselves from PCB.
  • Communist Revolutionary Party (1968): The Revolutionary Communist Party (Partido Comunista Revolucionário, PCR) emerged as an internal split of PCdoB in 1966, four years after the split of PC-SBIC into two parties. It was formed by activists of the student movement and the peasant leagues (a pro-agrarian reform group, considered the predecessor of MST). Its party line was that of Mao Zedong's people's war, aiming to besiege the cities from the countryside, considering the Northeast Region the best area to trigger the revolution.
  • PCdoB's Red Wing (1968)
  • Revolutionary Communist Party (1979)
  • Communist Party of Brazil (formerly Red Fraction) (1990s): The Partido Comunista do Brasil – Fração Vermelha originated as an anti-revisionist maoist split of the Communist Party of Brazil in the 1990s.[12] In late 2022 they began appearing as the "Communist Party of Brazil" on documents, removing "Red Fraction" from their name.[13] They are a founding member of the International Communist League (ICL) and currently uphold an ideology they describe as "Marxism-Leninism-Maoism principally Maoism with the Contributions of Universal Validity of Chairman Gonzalo".[14]

Structure

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PCdoB was legally recognized as a political party by the Brazilian Electoral Supreme Court on 23 June 1988. Its current President is Luciana Santos.[15] It has nearly 240,000 members.

Ideology

[edit]

PCdoB responded to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union better than most Western communist parties.[16] PCdoB originally established itself as an organization historically linked to the Marxist-Leninist tradition of the Communist International.[16] Its political and ideological identity was consolidated as opposing the so-called 1960s "revisionism", identified with the directions taken by the USSR after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[16] PCdoB then aligned itself with Maoism.[17] After the People's Republic of China began making economic reforms in 1979, PCdoB decided to align itself with the Socialist People's Republic of Albania, an example of consistency and fidelity to Marxism–Leninism in the opinion of its leaders.[16][17]

In the 1980s, the Soviet crisis was assessed by PCdoB as the result of the growing integration of the USSR with capitalism and the "social-imperialistic" policies applied by it; the Soviet regime was characterized as a kind of state capitalism.[16] In 1991, as the crisis had reached Albania, PCdoB decided to reassess its theoretical formulations about revisionism, and became nonaligned.[16][17] At its 8th Congress in 1992, PCdoB innovated itself by criticizing the Bolshevik experience.[16] The party reaffirmed its adherence to Marxism–Leninism and socialism, taking a different path from several other Communist organizations throughout the world.[16]

During this process, PCdoB ranged from an approach that pointed to the class struggle as responsible for the fundamental changes that occurred in the Soviet regime, while on the other hand, it showed an economistic tendency, placing the problems of socialism around the development of productive forces.[16] To some extent, it has shifted from debating these fundamental issues, and, when it did, it treated them marginally.[16]

The party has also been marked by a growing institutionalization inside the political system.[16] This can be perceived in a letter sent to the Communist Party USA on the occasion of its 29th National Convention in 2010.[18] In it, PCdoB demonstrates its concern over the Greek economic collapse and blames neoliberal policies for it.[18] The party lists its electoral goals for the 2010 general elections as being the "consolidation of Communist presence in the institutions", the "enlargement of influence on lower classes" and "maintaining the democratic and progressive forces at the head of the national government".[18]

Congresses of the Communist Party of Brazil

[edit]
Main article: Congresses of the Communist Party of Brazil
Name Dates Place
1st 25–27 March 1922 Niterói
2nd 16–18 May 1925
3rd December 1928 – January 1929
4th November 1954
5th August–September 1960
6th[c] 1983
7th May 1988 São Paulo
8th 3–8 February 1992 Brasília
9th 13–15 October 1997 São Paulo
10th 9–12 December 2001 Rio de Janeiro
11th 20–23 October 2005 Brasília
12th 5–8 November 2009 São Paulo
13th 14–16 November 2013 São Paulo
14th 17–19 November 2017 Brasilia
15th 15–17 October 2021 None (via videoconference)

Electoral results

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Presidential elections

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Election Candidate Running mate Coalition First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
1989 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) José Paulo Bisol (PSB) PT; PSB; PCdoB 11,622,673 16.1% (#2) 31,076,364 47.0% (#2) Lost Red XN
1994 Aloizio Mercadante (PT) PT; PSB; PCdoB; PPS; PV; PSTU 17,122,127 27.0% (#2) — — Lost Red XN
1998 Leonel Brizola (PDT) PT; PDT; PSB; PCdoB; PCB 21,475,211 31.7% (#2) — — Lost Red XN
2002 José Alencar (PL) PT; PL; PCdoB; PMN; PCB 39,455,233 46.4% (#1) 52,793,364 61.3% (#1) Elected Green tickY
2006 José Alencar (PRB) PT; PRB; PCdoB 46,662,365 48.6% (#1) 58,295,042 60.8% (#1) Elected Green tickY
2010 Dilma Rousseff (PT) Michel Temer (PMDB) PT; PMDB; PR; PSB; PDT; PCdoB; PSC; PRB; PTC; PTN 47,651,434 46.9% (#1) 55,752,529 56.1% (#1) Elected Green tickY
2014 PT; PMDB; PSD; PP; PR; PDT; PRB; PROS; PCdoB 43,267,668 41.6% (#1) 54,501,118 51.6 % (#1) Elected Green tickY
2018 Fernando Haddad (PT) Manuela d'Ávila (PCdoB) PT; PCdoB; PROS 31,341,997 29.3% (#2) 47,040,380 44.8% (#2) Lost Red XN
2022 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) PT; PCdoB; PV; PSOL; REDE; PSB; Solidariedade; Avante; Agir 57,295,504 48.4% (#1) 60,345,999 50.9 (#1) Elected Green tickY
Source: Election Resources: Federal Elections in Brazil – Results Lookup

Legislative elections

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Election Chamber of Deputies Federal Senate Role in government
Votes % Seats +/– Votes % Seats +/–
1986 297,237 0.63%
3 / 487
 New N/A N/A
0 / 49
 New Opposition
1990 352,049 0.87%
5 / 502
 Increase 2 N/A N/A
0 / 31
 Steady 0 Opposition
1994 567,186 1.24%
10 / 513
 Increase 5 751,428 0.78%
0 / 54
 Steady 0 Opposition
1998 869,270 1.30%
7 / 513
 Decrease 3 559,218 0.90%
0 / 81
 Steady 0 Opposition
2002 1,967,847 2.25%
12 / 513
 Increase 5 6,199,237 4.03%
0 / 81
 Steady 0 Coalition
2006 1,982,323 2.13%
13 / 513
 Increase 1 6,364,019 7.54%
2 / 81
 Increase 2 Coalition
2010 2,748,290 2.85%
15 / 513
 Increase 2 12,561,716 7.37%
2 / 81
 Steady 0 Coalition
2014 1,913,015 1.97%
10 / 513
 Decrease 5 803,144 0.90%
1 / 81
 Decrease 1 Coalition (2014–2016)
Opposition (2016–2018)
2018 1,329,575 1.35%
9 / 513
 Decrease 1 24,785,670 14.5%
0 / 81
 Decrease 1 Opposition
2022 15,354,125[d] 13.93%
6 / 513
 Decrease 3 299,013 0.29%
0 / 81
 Steady 0 Coalition
Sources: Election Resources, Dados Eleitorais do Brasil (1982–2006)
  1. ^ Communist Parties legalization in Brazil.[2]
  2. ^ Via Institutional Act no. 2.[3]
  3. ^ Clandestine
  4. ^ Votes obtained as part of Brazil of Hope coalition.

Famous members

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See also

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Notes

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Bibliography

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  • Fernandes, Sabrina (2019). Sintomas Mórbidos: A Encruzilhadada da Esquerda Brasileira (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Autonomia Literária. ISBN 978-8569536499.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ [1] Apresentação do Partido
  2. ^ "Communists return to legality". Memorial da Democracia (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  3. ^ "Ato Institucional N°2, de 27 de outubro de 1965". Palácio do Planalto (in Portuguese). 27 October 1965. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b c TSE Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Estatuto do Partido Comunista do Brasil
  5. ^ TSE Archived 15 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Partidos – Partidos políticos – PCdoB
  6. ^ https://sig.tse.jus.br/ords/dwapr/r/seai/sig-eleicao-filiados/home?p0_partido=PCDOB&session=11918371074694 [bare URL]
  7. ^ "As diferenças entre PCB e PCdoB". 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  8. ^ Fernandes, Sabrina (2019). Sintomas mórbidos : a encruzilhada da esquerda Brasileira. São Paulo. OCLC 1229932805. Embora ambas as partes reivindiquem a propriedade da história do Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB) original, fundado em 1922, é a virada gradual do PCdoB de um partido comunista para o aceite de práticas social-democratas, e até uma política de apreço da burguesia nacional, que atualmente define sua localização no espectro político
    Enquanto os documentos da recente era do PCdoB mantêm uma lealdade às suas raízes marxista-leninistas, eu argumento, contrariamente à visão geral de Daniel Aarão Reis, que esses documentos foram concebidos para coesão partidária em relação às suas raízes e não correspondem às práticas políticas que predominaram no PCdoB desde o período de democratização no Brasil.    {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Fernandes, Sabrina (2019). Sintomas mórbidos : a encruzilhada da esquerda Brasileira. São Paulo: Autonomia Literária. pp. 128–157. OCLC 1229932805.
  10. ^ "Brazil's Bolsonaro faces probe after hospitals ran out of oxygen". Al Jazeera. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  11. ^ Brito, Ricardo (5 February 2022). "Brazil's top prosecutor probes Bolsonaro over Manaus COVID-19 outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  12. ^ "96 years of the Communist Party of Brazil – PCB". Redspark. 31 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  13. ^ "Historical News of the successful Holding of the Unified Maoist International Conference: the International Communist League was founded! – Communist International". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  14. ^ Povo, Servir ao (27 December 2023). "A Revolução de Nova Democracia é a força principal da Revolução Proletária Mundial (Partido Comunista do Brasil - P.C.B., Dezembro de 2023)". Servir ao Povo (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Partido Comunista do Brasil — Tribunal Superior Eleitoral". Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cabrera, José Roberto (24 June 2010). The Communist Party of Brazil and the crisis of socialism: ruptures and continuities (in Portuguese). Universia. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
  17. ^ a b c "Communist Party of Brazil". Photius. April 1997. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  18. ^ a b c Abreu, Ricardo Alemão (25 May 2010). "International Greetings: Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)". CPUSA.
[edit]
Preceded by Numbers of Brazilian Official Political Parties
65 – CPofB (PCdoB) 		Succeeded by
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